ZA MKATIMU

 . MAWU OYAMBA

Zaka zisanu zapitazo, ndinawerenga m’nyuzipepala ya Toronto Star ya pa July 3, 1990, nkhani yoti “Chisilamu sichili chokha mu ulamuliro wa amuna (patriarchal Doctrine)”, yolembedwa ndi Gwynne Dyer. [1]

Mlembi anafotoko zamunkhaniyi za momwe anthu anayankhira mwakupsa mtima pamsonkhano wa “Amayi ndi Mphamvu” womwe unachitikira ku Montreal, kuchokera pa zomwe anayankhula  mayi wina wotchuka wa ku Egypt, Dr. Nawal Saadawi.

Mau ake omwe anali “olakwika”, anati: “Mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe zikuletsa mayi zina ndi zina, zikupezeka mu buku la Chiyuda la Chipangano Chakale, kenako buku la Chikhristu, kenako mu Qur’an. Zipembedzo zonsezo ndi zolamulidwa ndi amuna chifukwa zikuchokera pa phata limodzi.” Ndipo “kuziphimba kwa mayi sikuli mchipembedzo cha Chisilamu chokha, koma ndi chikhalidwenso chakale pakati pa zipembedzo zimenezi.”

Omvera sanathe kukhazikika pamene zikhulupiliro zawo anazifananiza ndi Chisilamu. Kotero, Dr. Saadawi adamtsutsa kwambiri. “Mfundo za Dr. Saadawi sizovomerezedwa. Zikusonyeza kuti sakudziwa za zikhulupiliro za ena,” adatero Bernice Dubois wochokera ku bungwe la World Movement of Mothers.

Alice Shalvi, mmodzi wa alangizi a Israel Women Network, anati: “Ndikuyenera kutsutsa, mu Chiyuda mulibe lingaliro la chophimba chamayi (hijaab).”

Mlembi wankhaniyi analongosola kuti mfundo zomwe anthu okwiyawa amapereka poyankha, kunali kuti Hawaa chikhalidwe chomwe Chisilamu chiri nacho, chomwenso chikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chakale chakuzambwe. “Amayi a Chikhristu ndi a Chiyuda sakanalola kukhala nkumawanena kuti ndi ofanana ndi Asilamu oipawo,” analemba Gwynne Dyer.

Sindinadabwe kuti anthu omwe adasonkhana pamsonkhanowu adamva maganizo olakwika kuchokera kwa Asilamu, makamaka pamene nkhani za amayi zidayamba kukambidwa. Maiko a Kuzambwe, Chisilamu amachiona kuti ndi chizindikiro chabwino cha kugonjera kwa amayi. Pofuna kumvetsetsa mmene chikhulupilirochi chiliri pa kulimba kwake, tiyeni tiwone zomwe zinachitika ku France; nduna ya za maphunziro kudera la Voltaire, panthawiyo idalamula kuti atsikana a Chisilamu onse omwe amavala hijaab popita ku sukulu mdzikomo awachotse. Kumeneko mwana wamkazi amamumana maphunziro chifukwa cha kuvala mpango kumutu, pomwe mtsikana wa Chikatolika akavala mtanda wake kapena mnyamata wa Chiyuda akavala chisoti, samamuletsa.

Sitingaiwale mchitidwe wa apolisi a ku France poletsa akazi a Chisilamu kuvala mipango akamalowa msukulu. Zina zochititsa manyazi kwambiri zidachitika ndi Bwanamkubwa (Governor) George Wallace wa dera la Alabama mu 1962, pamene anaimilira pa chipata cha sukulu ndikuletsa ana akuda kulowa pakhomo la sukulu ndicholinga chofuna kupewa chisokonezo  msukulu za ku Alabama.

Kusiyana kwa zinthu ziwiri zimenezi, ndikoti anthu ambiri ku ﷻ‬.S. komanso padziko lonse lapansi, amawamvera chisoni anthu akuda. Pulezidenti Kennedy adatumiza achitetezo kuti akawalowetse ana akuda mu sukulumo. Koma atsikana a Chisilamu sanalandire thandizo lirilonse. Vuto lawo likuoneka kuti palibe yemwe angawachitire chisoni mdzikomo kapena kunja.

Zonsezi ndichifukwa cha kusamvetsetsana kwakukulu komanso kuwopa chilichonse cha Chisilamu padziko lapansi lero lino.

Chimene chinandichititsa chidwi kwambiri pa msonkhano waku Montreal chinali choti; kodi mawu omwe anayankhula Saadawi, kapena anthu otsutsa onse aja, ndi owona? Kapena kodi Chiyuda, Chikhristu, ndi Chisilamu zili ndi lingaliro limodzi pa amayi, kapena ndi osiyana? Kodi Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu zimasamalira bwino amayi kuposa momwe Chisilamu chimachitira? Pamenepo choona ndi chiti? Nchachidziwikire kuti yankho lake ndilovuta kulipeza. Kuvuta koyamba kuli pa kusowa chilungamo pakati pa anthu; munthu akuyenera kuyesetsa kukhala wachilungamo pazochita, monga momwe Chisilamu chimaphunzitsira. Qur’an imalimbikitsa Asilamu kunena zoona ngakhale omwe ali pafupi nawo sakonda chilungamocho:

“ndipo pamene mukunena, (popereka umboni), nenani mwachilungamo ngakhale (umboniwo) uli wokhudza achibale.” (6:152)

“E inu amene mwakhulupirira! Khalani oimiritsa chilungamo, opereka umboni chifukwa cha Mulungu; ngakhale kuti ubwere ndi masautso kwa inu, kapena kwa makolo anu, kapena kwa abale anu, ngakhale ali olemera kapena osauka, (musayang’ane zimenezo).” (4:135).

Kuvuta kwina ndikoti nkhaniyi ndiyaikulu kwambiri; ndakhala ndikuwerenga Baibulo kwanthawi yaitali zaka ziwiri zapitazo, kuwonjezerapo Encyclopaedia ya zipembedzo ndi Encyclopaedia ya Chiyuda, pofufuza mayankho. Ndinawerenganso mabuku angapo omwe akukamba za udindo wa amayi muzipembedzo zosiyanasiyana; olembedwa ndi akatswiri, komanso kuchokera kwa olemba za Chipembedzo ndi otsutsa ena. Choncho, zomwe ndafotokoza m’bukumu ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku ameneyo. Cholinga changa sikufuna kudzionetsera kudziwa kwambiri, koma ndagwira ntchitoyi molingana ndi kuthekera kwanga, pofuna kukwaniritsa mawu a mu Qur’an onena kuti “tiziyankhula chilungamo”.

Ndikufuna kutsindika kumayambiliro kwa bukuli kuti cholinga changa polemba mutu umenewu sikuzembera Chiyuda kapena

Chikhristu. Monga Asilamu, timakhulupilira kuti ziwirizi zinachokera kwa Mulungu pachiyambi, ndipo palibe amene angakhale Msilamu popanda kukhulupilira Mose ndi Yesu monga Aneneri akuluakulu a Mulungu. Ndikufuna kutsimikiza kuti Chisilamu ndi uthenga woona kuyambira kale mpaka lero lino, komanso ndi uthenga womaliza womwe watsala wochokera kwa Mulungu kupita kwa anthu. Choncho, ndalongosola kwambiri mmene zipembedzo zitatuzi (Chiyuda, Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu) zimawaonera akazi, osati momwe miyandamiyanda ya anthu padziko lapansi amaonera. Nchifukwa chake ndikugwiritsa ntchito umboni wochuluka kuchokera mu Qur’an, mawu a Mtumiki Muhammad salla Allah alaih wasallam, m’Baibulo, Talmud, ndi mawu a atsogoleri amphamvu azipembedzo, omwe maganizo awo athandizira kwambiri pakufotokoza za Chikhristu.

Kukhala ndi chidwi pa kufufuza kuchokera mmaumboni oterewa kukuthandiza kudziwa kuti kuchimvetsetsa chipembedzo kuchokera mu zikhalidwe za ongotsatira chabe ndikosocheretsa. Anthu ambiri amasokoneza chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo, ndipo ambiri sadziwa zomwe mabuku awo achipembedzo akunena, komanso ena ambiri salabadira zimenezo.

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  - KULAKWA KWA HAWAA

Zipembedzo zitatuzi zimagwirizana pa mfundo imodzi yofunikira: amayi ndi abambo onse analengedwa ndi Mulungu, Mlengi wa zonse. Komabe, kusagwirizana kumabwera pa kulengedwa kwa munthu woyamba, Adam ndi Hawaa.

Ku Chiyuda ndi ku Chikhristu, kulengedwa kwa Adam ndi

Hawaa anakulongosola mwatsatanetsatane mu Genesis 2:24. Anapitiriza kulongosola zomwe zinachitika pambuyo pa kulengedwa kwawo kuti: Mulungu adawaletsa onse awiri kudya zipatso za mtengo woletsedwa. Koma njoka idamunyengelera Hawaa kuti adye, ndipo Hawaa adamunyengelera Adam kuti adye naye. Pamene Mulungu anamudzudzula Adam pa zomwe adachita, iye adamuimba mlandu Hawaa: “Mkazi yemwe mwandiika naye malo ano wandipatsa chipatso choletsedwa kuti ndidye.” Pamenepo ndichifukwa chake Mulungu anati kwa Hawaa:

“Ndidzachulukitsa zopweteka kwa iwe pakubala, ndipo udzamva kuwawa pakubereka ana. Zolakalaka zako zidzakhala ndi mwamuna wako ndipo iye adzakulamulira iwe.” Genesis 3:16

Kwa Adam, Mulungu anati:

“Chifukwa choti iwe udamvera mkazi wako ndipo udadya kuchokera mumtengo ... nthaka yonse iri yotembeleredwa chifukwa cha iwe, ndipo udzadya kuchokera muntchito zowawa masiku onse a moyo wako ...” genesis 3:17

Pomwe mu Chisilamu, kulengedwa kwa munthu oyambilira kukupezeka malo angapo mu Qur’an, mwachitsanzo:

 23: “(Kenako Mulungu adanena kwa Adam) “E iwe-  Adam! Khala ndi mkazi wako mmunda wa Mtendere, (sangalalani ndi zomwe zili m’menemo) idyani paliponse pamene mwafuna. Koma mtengo uwu musawuyandikire kuopera kuti mungakhale mgulu la odzichitira okha zoipa.”  Satana adayamba kuwanong’oneza (zoipa) kuti chioneke kwa iwo chimene chinabisika kwa iwo monga umaliseche wawo. Ndipo (Satana) adati: “Mbuye wanu sadakuletseni mtengo uwu, koma pachifukwa chakuti mungasanduke Angelo awiri, kapena kuti mungakhale amuyaya.” Iye adaalumbilira onse awiri kuti: “Ndithudi, ine ndine mmodzi mwa olangiza (ndikukufunirani zabwino).”  Adawakopa mwachinyengo. Ndipo pamene adalawa zipatso za mtengowo umaliseche wawo udaoneka kwa iwo nayamba kudziphatika masamba (a mitengo) a m’mundamo. Ndipo Mbuye wawo adawaitana (mowadzudzula nati:) “Kodi sindinakuletseni mtengowu ndi kukuuzani kuti Satana ndi mdani wanu woonekeratu?” Iwo (Adam ndi mkazi wake) adati: (modzichepetsa), “Tadzichitira tokha zoipa, E Mbuye wathu! Ngati simutikhululukira ndi kuchita nafe chifundo ndiye kuti tikhala mwa otaika.” Qur’an 7:19-23

Tikayang’anitsitsa mu kalongosoledwe kawiri komwe tamva pa nkhani ya kulenga, tikupezamo kusiyana kwakukulu; Qur’an yaika mlandu wofanana pa Adam ndi Hawaa chifukwa cha kulakwa kwawo. Palibe pomwe mungapeze Qur’an ikunena kuti Hawaa adamuyesa Adam pomudyetsa, kapena kuti iye adayambilira kudya asanadye Adam. Hawaa mu Qur’an sanatchulidwe monga wamayesero kapena wonyenga.

Komanso, amayi onse alibe mlandu woti apatsidwe nawo chilango cha zowawa za kubala, chifukwa malinga ndi Qur’an, Mulungu salanga munthu chifukwa cha zolakwa za wina. Adam ndi Hawaa adachita tchimo kenako adapempha Mulungu kuti awakhululukire, ndipo adawakhululukira. Palibenso tchimo lomwe linatsala ndikumayendelera ku mibadwo yonse mpaka lero lino.

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  CHOLOWA CHA HAWAA

Chithunzithunzi chimene Baibulo linaika chokhudza Hawaa, chinapereka maganizo olakwika kwambiri kwa amayi mu miyambo ya Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu. Anthu ankakhulupilira kuti mayi aliyense anatengera tchimo la mayi Hawaa pa kuphwanya kwake lamulo komanso chinyengo chake chomwe adamuchitira Adam, ndipo zotsatira zake ndizoti mayi aliyense anali osadalirika komanso woipa. Kusamba, kutenga mimba, ndi kubereka ankaziona kuti ndi chilango pa iwo, chifukwa cha tembelero lamuyaya pakulakwitsa kwa mkazi.

Kuti tidziwe momwe amayi onse anawachitira kukhala woipa kuchokera pa kulakwa kwa Hawaa (malinga ndi Baibulo), tiyeni tiwone kuchokera mu zolemba za ena mwa akuluakulu a Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu.

Tiyambe ndi Chipangano Chakale kuchokera mu zolembedwa zotchedwa “Wisdom Literature”, ndipo mmenemo tikupeza kuti: “Mkazi yemwe mtima wake uli msampha komanso manja ake ali unyolo, ndi owawa kukhala naye kuposa imfa; ndipo munthu yemwe akufuna kukondweretsa Mulungu akuyenera kumuthawaa mkazi otere, koma wochimwa ndithu amsekelera; pamene ndinali kuchita kafukufuku, ndinapeza kuti mwa amuna chikwi (1000) olungama ndi mmodzi ndipo sindinapeze mkazi olungama ngakhale mmodzi” (Mlaliki 7: 26-28).

Mgawo lina la mabuku a Chiheberi omwe amapezeka mu Baibulo la Chikatolika timawerenga kuti:

“Palibe kuipa komwe kuli kwapafupi kuposa kuipa kwa mkazi… chifukwa choti tchimo linayamba ndi mkazi; tikuthokoza iye poti nchifukwa chake timayenera kufa” (Mlaliki 25:19, 24).

Aphunzitsi a Chiyuda adatchula matembelero asanu ndi anayi omwe ali pa akazi:

“Kwa mkaziyo anapereka matemberero asanu ndi anayi kuphatikizapo imfa:

-          mavuto a magazi a kumwezi komanso magazi a unamwali,

-          mavuto a mimba,

-          mavuto akubereka,

-          mavuto a kulera ana;

-          mutu wake uli wophimbidwa monga olira nthawi zonse,

-          amabowola khutu lake monga kapolo wamuyaya kapena kapolo yemwe akutumikira mbuye wake, ameneyo sakuyenera kukhala mboni yokhulupilika poti sali mfulu, ndipo pambuyo pa chilichonse kwa iye ndi imfa basi” [2]

Kufikira lero lino, amuna a Chiyuda otchedwa Orthodox, mu pemphero lawo lakummawa tsiku ndi tsiku amapemphera kuti: “Adalitsike Mulungu Mfumu ya chilengedwe chonse poti sanandipange ine kukhala mkazi.” Pomwe akazi, nthawi zonse amayamika Mulungu: “…pondipanga kukhala mkazi mogwirizana ndi chifuniro chake…” [3]

Pemphero lina lomwe likupezeka mmabuku ambiri a mapemphero a Chiyuda ndi loti: “Alemekezeke Mulungu poti sadandilenge kukhala wachikunja (koma Myuda).” Mulungu atamandike poti sadandilenge kukhala mkazi. Mulungu atamandike poti sadandilenge kukhala osazindikira.” [4]

Hawaa mu Chikhristu anatenga mbali yaikulu kusiyana ndi mu Chiyuda; machimo ake akuthandizira ku chikhulupiliro cha Chikhristu kuti Yesu anatumizidwa padziko lapansi chifukwa cha kusamvera kwa Hawaa. Anachimwa ndipo adanyengelera Adam kuti amutsatire. Choncho, Mulungu adathamangitsa onse awiri kumwamba, ndipo adawapititsa padziko lapansi lomwe linatembeleredwa chifukwa cha iwo. Iwo anasiya tchimo lawo lija likuyendelera kwa ana awo onse omwe akubadwa, poti Mulungu sanakhululuke. Motero, anthu onse amabadwira muuchimo.

Ndiye poyeretsa anthu kuchokera ku “tchimo lawo loyambirira”, iwo amati Mulungu anayenera kupereka Yesu mwana wake, ngati nsembe kuti adzatifere pamtanda. Kotero, kulakwa kwa Hawaa komanso tchimo la mwamuna wake komanso anthu onse, ngakhalenso imfa ya “Mwana wa Mulungu” zonsezi ndi chifukwa cha tchimo la Hawaa. Mu kuyankhula kwina tinena kuti, tchimo lomwe anachita mkazi mwayekha linagwetsera mibadwo yonse ya anthu mmachimo. [5]

Kodi nanga ana akazi ali pati munkhaniyi? Onsewo ndi ochimwa monga mayi wawo ndipo akuyenera kutengedwa kuti mkazi aliyense ndiwochimwa. Tamvani uthenga wolimba kuchokera kwa Paulo mu Chipangano Chatsopano:

“Mkazi aphunzire akhale wachete m;kumvera konse. Koma sindilola ine kuti mkazi aphunzitse, kapena kulamulira mwamuna; komatu akhale chete. Pakuti Adamu anayamba kulengedwa, pamenepo Heva; ndipo Adamu sananyengedwa, koma mkaziyo ponyengedwa analowa m’kulakwa.” (1 Timoteo 2:11-14).

Tertullian Woyera anali wovuta kwambiri kuposa Paulo, pamene anali kuyankhula ndi “alongo ake okondedwa” mchikhulupiliro, adati:

“Kodi simukudziwa kuti aliyense wa inu ndi Hawaa? Chigamulo cha Mulungu pa mtundu wanu wachikazi ndi chamuyaya ndipo sichidzatha; Ndinu njira za Mdyerekezi; Ndinu omwe munaphwanya lamulo la mtengo woletsedwa; Ndinu oyambilira kunyoza lamulo la Mulungu; Ndinu amene munamusokoneza munthu yemwe satana sanali woyenera kuti amugonjetse; Munaononga mosavuta fanizo la Mulungu, yemwe ndi munthu; chifukwa cha tchimo limenelo, mwana wa Mulungu anayenera kufera pa Mtanda.”

Augustine Woyera anali wokhulupilika pofotokoza mbiri ya anthu akale, iye adalembera kwa bwenzi lake motere:

“Ndi kusiyana kwanji pakati pa mkazi wamunthu ndi mayi ake? Onsewo ndi achina Hawaa opereka mayesero, yemwe tikuyenera kusamala naye mwa mayi aliyense … Ine sindikuwona phindu lirilonse kwa mkazi kupatula ntchito yakubereka ana.”

Patapita zaka zambiri, Thomas Aquinas Woyera ankaganizabe kuti akazi ndi ofooka:

“Pokamba za chikhalidwe cha munthu, mkazi ndi opunguka ndipo chikhalidwe chake ndichosakwanira, chifukwa mbewu yamphamvu muthupi la mwamuna ndi imene imatulutsa zotsatira zamphamvu, zofanana kukhala chachimuna. Pomwe mbewu ya chikazi  imachokera mu chilema cha mphamvu zake komanso zina zakunja.”

Potsirizira pake, Martin Luther sanaonepo phindu lirilonse kuchokera mwa mkazi kupatula kuchulukitsa ana padziko basi:

“Ngati iwo atatopa kapena kufa, ziribe kanthu. Aloleni iwo afe ndikubala, chimenecho ndicho chifukwa chakupezeka kwawo pa dziko.”

Ndikubwerezanso kunena kuti amayi onse amanyozedwa chifukwa cha chithunzithunzi cha Hawaa chomwe anthu anatenga kuchokera mu Genesis. Mwachidule, chiphunzitso cha Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu pa akazi chinaipitsidwa ndi chikhulupiliro cha uchimo wa Hawaa ndi ana ake aakazi. [6]

Koma tsopano tikatembenukira mbali ya Qur’an kuti tione zomwe imanena zokhudza akazi, tizindikira kuti chikhulupiliro cha Chisilamu pa akazi ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi Chiyuda komanso Chikhristu. Tailoleni Qur’an iyankhule yokha pa [33: 35]:

“Ndithu, Asilamu achimuna ogonjera Mulungu mokwanira, ndi Asilamu achikazi ogonjera Mulungu mokwanira; okhulupirira achimuna ndi okhulupirira achikazi; omvera achimuna ndi omvera achikazi; oona achimuna ndi oona achikazi; opirira achimuna ndi opirira achikazi; odzichepetsa achimuna ndi odzichepetsa achikazi; opereka sadaka achimuna ndi opereka sadaka achikazi; osala achimuna ndi osala achikazi; osunga umaliseche wawo (kuchiwerewere) achimuna ndi osunga umaliseche wawo achikazi; otamanda Mulungu kwambiri achimuna ndi otamanda Mulungu kwambiri achikazi, Mulungu wawakonzera chikhululuko ndi malipiro aakulu.”

Tatiyeni timvenso kuchokera pa Qur’an [9: 71]:

Okhulupirira aamuna ndi okhulupirira aakazi, ndiabwenzi omvana pakati pawo. Amalamula zabwino ndikuletsa zoipa ndipo amapemphera swala ndi kupereka chopereka (zakaat), ndi kumvera Mulungu ndi Mtumiki wake. Awo ndi omwe Mulungu adzawachitira Chifundo. Ndithu, Mulungu Ngwamphamvu zoposa, Ngwanzeru zakuya.

Komanso pa Quran [3: 195]:

“Choncho Mbuye wawo adawavomereza (zopempha zawo ponena kuti): “Ndithudi, ine sindidzasokoneza khama (lantchito yabwino) kwa ochita khama mwainu, kaya atakhala mwamuna kapena mkazi, (pakuti) inu ndinu amodzi.”

Chimodzimodzi pa Qur’an [40: 40]:

“Amene akuchita choipa sadzalipidwa chinachake koma chofanana ndi chomwe adachita. Ndipo yemwe akuchita zabwino, mwamuna kapena mkazi, uku iye ali okhulupirira, iwowo adzalowa ku minda ya mtendere. Adzapatsidwa zopatsidwa mmenemo zopanda chiwerengero.”

Tionenso pa Qur’an [16: 97]:

“Amene akuchita zabwino, wamwamuna kapena wamkazi uku ali Msilamu timkhazika ndi moyo wabwino (pano padziko, ndi tsiku la Qiyama) tidzawalipira malipiro awo mochuluka kwambiri chifukwa cha zabwino zomwe ankachita.”

Zikuonekeratu kuti maganizo omwe Qur’an ikubweretsa pa akazi, sakusiyanitsa ndi amuna. Iwo onse ndi zolengedwa za Mulungu zomwe cholinga chawo chachikulu pa dziko lapansi ndi kupembedza Mbuye wawo, kuchita zabwino, ndikupewa zoipa. Ndipo iwo onse adzayesedwa moyenera. Qur’an sinafotokoze kuti mkaziyo ndi yemwe anadza monga wonyenga. Qur’an siinanenenso kuti munthu ndi fanizo la Mulungu; Iye alibe ofanana naye, ndipo amuna ndi akazi onse ndi zolengedwa zake basi.

Malinga ndi Qur’an, udindo wa amayi padziko lapansi siuli pakubereka pokha. Mayi ayenera kugwira ntchito zabwino zambiri monga momwe mwamuna achitira. Qur’an siinanene kuti palibe mkazi oyera mtima, koma yalangiza okhulupilira onse, amayi komanso amuna, kuti atsatire chitsanzo cha amayi omwe ali abwino monga Mariya mayi wa Yesu ndi mkazi wa Fir’aun:

Qur’an [66: 11-13]:

 Ndiponso Mulungu wapereka fanizo la amene akhulupirira”  monga mkazi wa Firiauna (Farawo) pamene adanena: “Mbuye wanga!  Ndimangireni, kwa inu, nyumba mu Jannah, ndipo ndipulumutseni kwa  Firiauna ndi zochita zake, ndiponso ndipulumutseni kwa anthu oipa (ndi  amtopola.)” Ndi (fanizo lina la wokhulupirira monga) Mariam mwana wa  Imran amene adasunga umaliseche wake; ndipo tidauzira mmenemo mzimu  wathu ndipo adavomereza mawu a Mbuye wake (omwe adali zolamula zake  ndi zoletsa zake) ndi mabuku ake (amene adavumbulutsidwa kwa Aneneri ake); adali mmodzi wa opitiriza kudzichepetsa (ndi kumvera Mulungu).”

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 4- KODI ANA AKAZI NGOCHITITSA MANYAZI?

Kusiyana kwa pakati pa Baibulo ndi Qur’an pa nkhani ya akazi, kukuyamba pamene mkazi abadwa. Mwachitsanzo, Baibulo limanena kuti nyengo ya kuyera kwa mayi yemwe wabereka mwana wamkazi kumakhala kotalika kawiri kuyerekeza ndi kubadwa kwa mwana wamwamuna (Levitiko 12:2-5). Baibulo la Chikatolika lafotokoza mosapyatira kuti:

“Kubadwa kwa mwana wamkazi ndiko kutaya” (Mlaliki 22: 3).

Pomwe ana amuna amalandira matamando apadera:

“Munthu amene amaphunzitsa mwana wake wamwamuna

adzakhala ochitiridwa nsanje ndi mdani wake.” (Mlaliki 30: 3)

Atsogoleri a Chiyuda anaika lamulo kwa amuna a Chiyuda kuti adzibereka ana ochuluka kuti afalitse, koma sanabise pa kukondera kwawo kwa ana achimuna: “Nzabwino kwa omwe ana awo ndi amuna, koma ndizoipa kwa omwe ana awo ndi akazi”, “Pamene mwana wamwamuna wabadwa, onse amasangalala ... pomwe kubadwa kwa mwana wamkazi onse amakhala pachisoni”, ndipo “Mtendere umabwera pamene mwana wamwamuna abwera padziko ... ndipo palibe chomwe chimabwera pamene mwana wamkazi abwera.” [7]

Mwana wamkazi amamuona kuti ndi mavuto owawa komanso amachititsa manyazi atate ake:

“Kodi mwana wanu wamkazi ndi wovuta? Wonesetsani kuti asakuyalutseni kwa adani anu, musakhale okambidwa nkhani paliponse, musakhale ochititsidwa manyazi” (Mlaliki 42:11). “Musamusiye mwana wanu wamkazi kukhala womasuka kuwopera kuti akuyalutsani” (Mlaliki 26: 10-11).

Chimodzimodzi lingaliro lomweli lochita ana aakazi kukhala gwero la manyazi, linawatsogolera Arabu achikunja Chisilamu chisanabwere, kuti azikwilira ana aakazi amoyo. Qur’an inatsutsa mwambo woipawu, Qur’an [16: 58-59]:

“Ndipo mmodzi wawo akauzidwa nkhani ya (kuti wabereka) mwana wamkazi, nkhope yake imada, ndipo amadzala ndi madandaulo. Amadzibisa kwa anthu chifukwa cha nkhani yoipa imene wauzidwa (nayamba kulingalira) kodi akhale naye pamodzi ndikuyaluka (pamaso pa Anthu), kapena angomkwirira m’dothi (ali moyo)? Mverani! Ndi choipa kwabasi chiweruzo chawo.”

Chikhalidwe choipa chimenechi chikanavuta kulekeka ku Arabiya Qur’an ikadapanda kuletsa mwamphamvu [16: 59], [43:

17], [81: 8-9].

Qur’an siyilekanitsa pakati pa mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, monga mmene Baibulo limachitira. Qur’an imaona kuti kubadwa kwa mwana wamkazi ndi mphatso ndi madalitso ochokera kwa Mulungu, chimodzimodzi kubadwa kwa mwana wamwamuna. Pokamba za kubadwa, Qur’an imatsogoza kubadwa kwa mwana wamkazi kenako wamwamuna:

Qur’an 42:49: “Ufumu wakumwamba ndi padziko lapansi ngwa Mulungu; amalenga zimene wafuna; amene wamfuna amampatsa ana achikazi ndiponso amene wamfuna amampatsa ana achimuna.”

***

 5. MAPHUNZIRO A ANA AKAZI

Pali kusiyana kwa pakati pa Baibulo ndi Qur’an pa malamulo okhudza mkazi; Tiyeni tifananitse Baibulo ndi Qur’an pa mwana wamkazi yemwe akufuna kuyamba kuphunzira:

Tsinde la Chiyuda ndi Torah, momwe mukuchokera malamulo. Komabe, malinga ndi Talmud, “akazi ndi opatulidwa pa kuphunzira Torah.” Atsogoleri ena a Chiyuda adalengeza momveka bwino kuti “Ndibwino kuti Torah  iwotchedwe kusiyana ndikuipereka kwa akazi kuti aiphunzire.”, komanso “Aliyense amene angaphunzitse mwana wake wamkazi Torah ali ngati wamuphunzitsa zonyansa.”

[8]

Maganizo a Paulo mu Chipangano Chatsopano sali omveka pankhaniyi:

“Mofanana ndi mmipingo yonse ya oyerawo, akazi akhale chete mmipingo, pakuti sikololedwa kuti iwo aziyankhula, koma akhale ogonjera, monga Chilamulo chimanenera. Koma ngati akufuna kumvetsa chinachake, akafunse amuna awo kunyumba, popeza nzochititsa manyazi kuti mkazi aziyankhula mumpingo.”  (1 Akorinto 14: 34-35)

Kodi mkazi angaphunzire bwanji ngati sakuloledwa kuyankhula? Kodi mkazi angakule bwanji ndi nzeru ngati ali wokakamizika kukhala mu chikhalidwe cha kudzipereka nthawi zonse? Kodi angazindikire bwanji mmene dziko likuyendera ngati akukhala kunyumba ndi mwamuna wake yekha basi nthawi zonse?

Tsopano tifunse pofunafuna chilungamo: kodi Qur’an pankhaniyi ili ndi maganizo osiyana? Nkhani yomwe Qur’an inafotokoza ikuyankha funso limeneli momveka:

Khawlah anali mkazi wa Chisilamu, yemwe mwamuna wake, Aws, adamuyankhula mawu awa pamene anakwiya: “Iweyo kwa ine nchimodzimodzi msana wa mayi anga.” Mawu awa anali kumveka pakati pa Arabu achikunja kuti ndi mawu osudzulana, omwe amamasula mwamuna kumbali iliyonse ya kukhala malo amodzi ndi mkazi wake ngati banja, koma sanali kumusiya kuti achoke kunyumba yake kapena kukwatiwa ndi mwamuna wina.

Khawla atamva mawuwa kuchokera kwa mwamuna wake, anali mmavuto. Anapita kwa Mneneri Muhammad salla Allah alaih wasallam kuti akamulangize. Mneneri (mtendere ukhale naye) adampatsa langizo loti ayenera kupilira poti panaoneka kuti panalibenso njira ina. Khawla adalimbana ndi Mneneri (mtendere ukale pa iye) pofuna kupulumutsa banja lake lomwe linayimitsidwa. Posakhalitsa, Qur’an inayankha pempho la Khawla. Chigamulo cha Mulungu chinathetsa chizolowezi choipachi. Surah imodzi (58) ya mu Qur’an yomwe mutu wake ndi “Almujadilah” kapena “Mkazi amene akubwezerana mau ndi Mtumiki” idanena motere:

Qur’an [58: 1]:“Ndithu Mulungu wamva mawu a (amkazi) amene akubwezerana-bwezerana nawe (mawu) pa za mwamuna wake (amene adamsala); ndipo akusuma kwa Mulungu. Ndipo Mulungu akumva kukambirana kwanu; ndithu, Mulungu Ngwakumva Ngopenya

(chilichonse).”

Malinga ndi Qur’an, mkazi ali ndi ufulu wokangana ngakhale ndi Mtumiki wa Mulungu. Palibe amene ali ndi ufulu womulangiza kuti akhale chete. Iye sali okakamizidwa kuti mwamuna wake yekhayo ndiyemwe akuyenera kukhala kochokera malamulo a mchipembedzo chake.

***

 6. KODI MKAZI NDI WODETSEDWA?

Malamulo a Chiyuda okhudzana ndi mkazi yemwe akusamba, ndi ovuta kwambiri kuwamvetsa. Chipangano Chakale chimaona kuti mkazi yemwe akusamba ndi wodetsedwa, komanso kudetsedwa kwake “kumachititsa ena kuti akhale odetsedwa (opanda twahara)”. Aliyense kapena chilichonse chimene angachikhudze chimakhala chodetsedwa kwa tsiku lonse:

“Ngati mkazi akukha ndipo zimene akukhazo ndi magazi, azikhala masiku 7 ali wodetsedwa chifukwa cha kusamba kwakeko, ndipo aliyense womukhudza azikhala wodetsedwa kufikira madzulo. Chilichonse chimene angagonepo pamene ali wodetsedwa chifukwa cha kusamba kwake chizikhala chodetsedwa, ndiponso chilichonse chimene wakhalapo chizikhala chodetsedwa. Aliyense wokhudza bedi lake azichapa zovala zake ndi kusamba thupi lonse, ndipo azikhala wodetsedwa kufikira madzulo. Aliyense wokhudza chilichonse chimene mkaziyo anakhalapo azichapa zovala zake ndi kusamba thupi lonse, ndipo azikhala wodetsedwa kufikira madzulo. Ndipo ngati mkaziyo anakhala pabedi kapena pachinthu china, wokhudza chinthu chimenecho azikhala wodetsedwa kufikira madzulo. (Levitiko 15:19-23).

Chifukwa cha chilengedwe chake “chosokonekerachi”, mkazi yemwe akusamba anali “kuthamangitsidwa” pa gulu la anthu pofuna kupeŵa kuthekera kwina kulikonse kokhunzana ndi ena kapena zinthu. Anali kutumizidwa ku nyumba yapadera “ya odetsedwa” mpaka nthawi yonse ya kudetsedwa kwake ithe. [9]

Talmud imawona kuti mkazi yemwe ali kumwezi ndi “wakupha” wosayanjana naye:

“A Rabbi (atsogoleri Achiyuda) athu anatiphunzitsa: ... Ngati mkazi yemwe ali kumayambiliro kwa kumwezi wadutsa pakati pa amuna awiri, (adzakhala ngati) wapha mmodzi wa iwo, ndipo ngati ali kumapeto kwake nkudutsa pakati pa amuna awiri, achititsa mikangano pakati pawo” (bPes. 111a).

Komanso mwamuna wa mkazi wakumwezi ankaletsedwa kulowa m’sunagoge ngati anadetsedwa ndi mkazi wake ngakhale ndi pfumbi lakunsi kwa mapazi ake chabe. Wansembe yemwe mkazi wake kapena mwana wake wamkazi kapena mayi ake ayamba kusamba, samaloledwa kulalikira kapena kugwira ntchito ya unsembe wake m’sunagoge. [10] Sizachilendo kuti akazi ambiri a Chiyuda amatengedwa kuti ndi “temberero”. [11]

Chisilamu sichimamchita mkazi yemwe akusamba kukhala ndi “mtundu uliwonse wa kudetsedwa” monga mmene enawa achitira. Mkazi oteroyo siwoletsedwa kumugunda komanso alibe tembelero lirilonse. Amagwiritsa ntchito zonse zoyenera mmoyo wake kupatula zochepa kwambiri: Okwatira saloledwa kugonana pa nthawi ya kusamba, koma kukhunzana kulikonse pakati pawo nkololedwa. Mkazi yemwe akusamba saloledwa kupanga ena mwa mapemphero monga salaat ndi kusala.

***

 7-UMBONI WA MKAZI

Nkhani ina yomwe Qur’an ndi Baibulo sizimagwirizana ndi ya mkazi yemwe akuikira umboni. Ndi zowona kuti Qur’an inalangiza okhulupilira omwe akugwirizana ngongole ya chuma kuti apeze mboni ziwiri zazimuna kapena mwamuna mmodzi ndi akazi awiri[2: 282].

Ndi zowonanso kuti Qur’an imavomereza umboni wa mkazi kukhala wofanana ndi wa mwamuna. Ndipotu umboni wa mkaziyo ukhoza kulepheretsa wamwamuna kuti usagwire ntchito; Ngati mwamuna wamunamizira mkazi wake kuti ndi wosayera (wachita zadama), Qur’an ikumuuza kuti alumbire mobwereza kasanu ngati umboni pa tchimo la mkaziyo. Koma mukulumbira konseko, ngati mkazi wakana komanso walumbira mobwereza kasanu, sakuyenera kutengedwa kuti ndi wolakwa [24: 6-11].

Pomwe mbali ina (ku Chiyuda), akazi sankaloledwa kuikira umboni mzaka zoyambirirazo. [12] Ma Rabbi (akuluakulu a Chiyuda) ankawelengera kuti akazi satha kuchitira umboni pakati pa matembelero asanu ndi anai a akazi onse, chifukwa chakuti akazi onse ndi ochimwa (onani gawo la “Cholowa cha Hawaa”).

Akazi achi Israeli lero lino saloledwa kupereka umboni mmakhoti mwawo.[13] Ma Rabbi amapereka umboni woletsa mayi kuikira umboni, kuchokera pa Genesis 18:9-16, pamene pananenedwa kuti Sara, mkazi wa Abrahamu adanama. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito nkhaniyi ngati umboni wakuti akazi sangakwanitse kuikira umboni. Dziwani kuti nkhaniyi, yomwe inakambidwa mu Genesis 18:9-16, yafotokozedwa kangapo mu Qur’an popanda kumunamizira Sara chilichonse [11: 69-74], [51: 24-30].

Mu Chikhristu cha Kuzambwe, akazi akhala akuletsedwa kuikira umboni mpaka kufikira mzaka zaposachedwapa. [14]

Malinga ndi Baibulo, ngati mwamuna wamunamizira mkazi wake kuti sali woyera, umboni wa mkaziyo sungagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mkazi yemwe waganiziridwa kulakwa, ayenera kufunsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito miyambo yovuta ndi yowawa kwambiri, yomwe ingatsimikize poyera kuti si wolakwa kapena ndi wolakwa (Numeri 5:11-31). Ngati wapezeka wolakwa pambuyo pa mwambowo, adzapatsidwa chilango cha kuphedwa. Koma ngati wapezeka kuti si wolakwa, mwamuna wake (yemwe adamunamizira tchimolo) sadzapatsidwa chilango chilichonse chifukwa chomunamizira mkazi wosalakwa.

Kuphatikizanso apo, ngati mwamuna wakwatira ndikupezeka kuti mkaziyo sinamwali, umboni wake uliwonse sudzawerengedwa (chifukwa chakuti anagonapo ndi mwamuna asanakwatiwe). Ndipo ngati akuona kuti akumunamizira, makolo ake amayenera kubweretsa umboni pamaso pa akuluakulu, wakuti mwana wawo anali namwali, koma ngati alephera kutero, mwanayo anali kugendedwa pamaso pa bambo ake mpaka kufa. Ndipo ngati makolowo abweretsa umboni wakuti mwana wawo anali namwali, mwamuna uja (poti anamunamizira mkazi) anali kulipiritsidwa ndalama yokwana masekeli zana a siliva (100 Shekels) ndipo anali kulamulidwa kuti asadzamusiye banja. Malemba akunena kuti:

“Mwamuna akatenga mkazi ndi kugona naye koma sakum’kondanso, ndipo akumuimba mlandu wochita zinthu zonyansa ndi zochititsa manyazi, mwakuti wamuipitsira mbiri yake ponena kuti, ‘Ine ndinatenga mkazi uyu ndi kugona naye, koma sindinapeze umboni uliwonse woti anali namwali.’ Pamenepo bambo ndi mayi a mtsikanayo azibweretsa umboni wosonyeza kuti mtsikanayo anali namwali kwa akulu a mzinda kuchipata cha mzindawo. Bambo a mtsikanayo aziuza akuluwo kuti, ‘Ine ndinapereka mwana wa mkazi kwa mwamuna uyu kuti akhale mkazi wake ndipo akumuda. Pano akumuimba mlandu wochita zinthu zonyansa ndi zochititsa manyazi kuti: “Ndaona kuti palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti mwana wanuyu anali namwali.” Koma nawu umboni wa unamwali wa mwana wanga.’ Pamenepo azifunyulula chofunda pamaso pa akulu a mzinda. Ndiyeno akulu a mzindawo azigwira mwamunayo ndi kum’langa. Akatero azimulipiritsa masekeli 100 asiliva, ndipo azipereka ndalamazo kwa bambo a mtsikanayo chifukwa waipitsa mbiri ya namwali wa mu Isiraeli. Mtsikanayo apitirize kukhala mkazi wake ndipo sadzaloledwa kumusiya ukwati masiku onse a moyo wake. ”Koma zimenezi zikatsimikizika kuti ndi zoona, palibedi umboni wa unamwali wa mtsikanayo, azim’bweretsa mtsikanayo pakhomo la nyumba ya bambo ake ndipo amuna a mumzindawo azim’ponya miyala kuti afe, chifukwa wachita chinthu chopusa ndi chochititsa manyazi mu Isiraeli, mwa kuchita uhule m’nyumba ya bambo ake. Motero muzichotsa woipayo pakati panu. (Deuteronomo 22: 13-21)

***

 CHIWEREWERE

Chiwerewere ndi tchimo muzipembedzo zonse. Baibulo linaika chilango cha imfa kwa wachiwerewere wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. “Munthu akachita chigololo ndi mkazi wamwini, popeza wachita chigololo ndi mkazi wa mnansi wache, awaphe ndithu, mwamuna ndi mkazi onse awiri.”

(Levitiko 20:10).

Chisilamu chimalanganso chimodzimodzi wachiwerewere wa mwamuna ndi wamkazi. Allah akunena kuti: “Mkazi wachiwerewere ndi mamuna wachiwerewere aliyense wa iwo mkwapuleni zikoti zana limodzi (100). Musagwidwe chisoni ndi iwo pa chipembedzo (malamulo) cha Mulungu, ngati inu mukukhulupiriradi mwa Mulungu ndi tsiku la chimaliziro. Ndipo gulu la Asilamu lionerere chilango cha iwo.”[24: 2].

Komatu ngakhale zili choncho, tanthauzo la chiwerewere mu Qur’an ndilosiyana kwambiri ndi tanthauzo la mu Baibulo; Malinga ndi Qur’an, chiwerewere ndi kupezeka kwa mwamuna wokwatira kapena mkazi wokwatiwa akuchita zadama (kugonana).

Pomwe Baibulo limangowelengera chiwerewere cha mkazi wokwatiwa ndi mwamuna osakwatira kuti ndi chiwerewere (Levitiko 20:10, Deut 22:22, Miyambo 6: 20-7: 27).

     “Mwamuna      akapezeka        akugonana        ndi mkazi   wa mwiniwake, mwamuna ndi mkaziyo, onsewo afere pamodzi. Motero uzichotsa oipawo mu Isiraeli.” (Deut 22:22).

“Munthu wochita chigololo ndi mkazi wa munthu wina, wachita chigololo ndi mkazi wa mnzake. Mwamuna ndi mkazi amene achita chigololowo aziphedwa ndithu.” (Levitiko 20:10).

Malinga ndi tanthawuzo la m’Baibulo, ngati mwamuna wokwatira agonana ndi mkazi wosakwatiwa, sipakhala kulakwika kulikonse. Mwamuna wokwatira yemwe wagonana ndi mkazi wosakwatiwa, onsewo sawerengedwa kuti achita chiwerewere. Tchimo la chiwerewere limapezeka pamene mwamuna wokwatira kaya wosakwatira, wagonana ndi mkazi wokwatiwa. Mwachidule, chiwerewere ndi mchitidwe uliwonse wogonana kumene kungachitike ndi mkazi wokwatiwa. Malinganso ndi Baibulo, mwamuna wokwatira, sichiwerengedwa kuti ndi tchimo lachiwerewere ngati agonana ndi mkazi wosakwatiwa.

Kodi nchifukwa chiyani izi zili choncho? Malinga ndi Encyclopaedia Judaica, mkazi amatengedwa kuti ali pansi pa mwamuna wake kumbali zonse za moyo wake, ndipo chiwerewere chomwe angachite mkaziyo, kumakhala kumulakwira mwamuna yekhayo, pomwe akachita mwamuna, sakhala kuti walakwira mkazi wake poti sali pansi pa ulamuliro wake.[15] Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati mwamuna agonana ndi mkazi wokwatiwa, ndiye kuti wamuchita chinyengo mwamuna mzake (mwini mkazi yemwe wagonana nayeyo), kotero ayenera kulangidwa pachifukwa chimenecho basi, osati chifukwa chakuti wamuchita chinyengo mkazi wake.

Kufikira lero lino mu Israeli, ngati mwamuna wokwatira wachita chibwenzi ndikugonana ndi mkazi wosakwatiwa ndikubereka ana mmenemo, ana amenewo amakhala ovomerezeka (si apathengo), poti mkazi anali osakwatiwa. Koma, ngati mkazi wokwatiwa wachita chibwenzi ndi mwamuna wina, kaya wokwatira kapena wosakwatira, mpaka wabereka ana mu chibwenzimo, anawo samangokhala apathengo chabe, koma amakhalanso oipa. Ndipo akakula samaloledwa kukwatira akazi a Chiyuda, koma apathengo anzawo kapena obwera kuchokera kumaiko ena.  Kuletsedwa kumeneku kumaitilira kwa anawo, komanso ana awo, zidzukulu zawo, kufikira mibadwo khumi (10) yakutsogolo kwawo, mpaka tchimo la chiwerewere cha azigogo awo lija lidzafowoke. [16]

Koma Qur’an ikufotokoza momveka bwino ubale wa pakati

pa mkazi ndi mwamuna omwe ali pabanja motere:

Qur’an [30: 21]: “Ndipo zina mwazizindikiro zake (zosonyeza chifundo chake kwa inu) ndiko kukulengerani akazi a mtundu wanu kuti mukhazikike (mitima yanu) kwa iwo, ndipo adaika pakati panu chikondi ndi chisoni. Ndithu, mzimenezi muli zizindikiro kwa anthu amene amalingalira.”

Ichi ndi chiphunzitso cha Qur’an pa banja: chikondi, chifundo, ndi bata, osati kukhala ndi zikhalidwe ziwiri.

***

  MALUMBIRO

Malinga ndi Baibulo, munthu ayenera kukwaniritsa malonjezo omwe angachite kwa Mulungu. Iye sayenera kuswa liwu lake. Koma lumbiro la mkazi silikhala lokakamizidwa pa iye; iye akuyenera kuloledwa ndi bambo ake, ngati ali osakwatiwa; kapena ndi mwamuna wake, ngati ali okwatiwa. Ngati bambo kapena mwamuna savomereza malonjezo a mwana kapena mkazi wake, malonjezo onse opangidwa ndi mkaziyo amakhala opanda pake. Malemba akuti:

Munthu akalonjeza kwa Yehova, kapena akachita lumbiro lodzimana, asalephere kukwaniritsa mawu ake. Achite malinga ndi mawu onse otuluka pakamwa pake. ”Mtsikana amene akanali m’nyumba ya bambo ake akalonjeza zinazake kwa Yehova, kapena akachita lonjezo lodzimana, bambo ake nkumumva akulonjeza kapena akuchita lonjezo lodzimanalo, koma osanenapo kanthu, malonjezo ake onsewo akhale momwemo. Zikatero, lonjezo lake lililonse lodzimana likhale momwemo. Koma ngati bambo ake amkaniza pa tsiku limene amva malonjezo ake onse, malonjezo ake odzimana amene walumbilira moyo wake, akhale opanda ntchito. Yehova adzamkhululukira chifukwa bambo ake anamkaniza. ”Koma ngati mkaziyo ali wokwatiwa, ndipo akuchita lonjezo mwa kulumbirira moyo wake, kapena kulonjeza ndi pakamwa pake mosaganizira bwino, mwamuna wake n’kumva koma osanena kanthu kwa iye pa tsiku limene wamva mawu a lonjezolo, malonjezo ake a kudzimana amene walumbilira moyo wake akhale momwemo. Mwamunayo akamkaniza pa tsiku limene wamva kulonjezako, ndiye kuti wafafaniza lonjezo la mkaziyo, kapena lonjezo lake limene anachita mosaganizira bwino, limene analumbirira moyo wake ndi pakamwa pake. Yehova adzam’khululukira mkaziyo. ”Koma mkazi wamasiye kapena wosiyidwa ukwati akachita lonjezo, lonjezo lililonse limene walumbirira moyo wake likhale momwemo. “Komabe, ngati mkazi walonjeza ali mnyumba ya mwamuna wake, kapena ngati wachita lonjezo lodzimana mwa kulumbirira moyo wake, mwamuna wake nkumva koma osanenapo kanthu, osamkaniza, malonjezo ake onse akhale momwemo, ndipo lonjezo lililonse lodzimana limene walumbirira moyo wake likhale momwemo. Koma mwamuna wake akafafaniza malonjezowo pa tsiku limene wamva mawu alionse otuluka pakamwa pa mkaziyo, mawu olonjezerawo kapena malonjezo ake odzimana amene walumbirira moyo wake, malonjezo a mkaziyo akhale opanda ntchito. Mwamuna wake wawafafaniza, ndipo Yehova adzamkhululukira mkaziyo. Mwamuna wake ali ndi mphamvu zokhazikitsa kapena kufafaniza lonjezo lililonse la mkazi wake, kapenanso lumbiro la mkaziyo lodzimana, losautsa moyo wake. Koma ngati mwamunayo sananenepo kanthu kwa mkazi wake, masiku nkumapita, ndiye kuti mwamunayo wakhazikitsa malonjezo onse a mkaziyo, kapena malonjezo onse odzimana amene mkaziyo walumbirira moyo wake. Iye wawakhazikitsa chifukwa sananenepo kanthu kwa mkaziyo pa tsiku limene anamumva akulonjeza. Ndipo ngati mwamunayo afafaniza malonjezowo patapita nthawi pambuyo poti wawamva kale, cholakwa chizikhala pa iyeyo m’malo mwa mkazi wake.” (Numeri 30: 2-15)

Nanga ndi chifukwa chiyani malumbiro a mkazi samangika payekha? Yankho lake ndi losavuta: chifukwa iyeyo ndi wa bambo ake, asanalowe m’banja, kapena ndi wamwamuna wake pambuyo pa ukwati. Udindo wa bambo pa mwana wake wamkazi unali wamphamvu kotero kuti ngakhale atafuna akhoza kumugulitsa! Zimenezitu zinalembedwa ndi ma Rabbi kuti: “Mwamuna akhoza kugulitsa mwana wake wamkazi, koma mkazi sangagulitse mwana wake wamkazi, mwamuna akhoza kukwatitsa mwana wake wamkazi, koma mkazi sangakwatitse mwana wake wamkazi.” [17]

Mabuku a ma Rabbi amanenanso kuti ukwati umatanthauza kusamutsa udindo kuchokera kwa bambo kupita kwa mwamuna: “kumukwatitsa, kumuchititsa mkazi kukhala cholowa choyera – asanduka kukhala katundu woyenera wa mwamuna ...” Mwachiwonekere, ngati mkazi ali katundu wa mwamuna, sangathe kuchita malonjezo omwe mwamuna wake sanavomereze.

Tikuyenera kudziwa kuti malangizo a m’Baibulo oterewa pa malumbiro a mkazi, akhala ali ndi zotsatira zoipa kwa akazi a Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu nthawi zonse kufikira posachedwapa. Mkazi wokwatiwa ku maiko a Kuzambwe analibe ulemelero uliwonse ngakhale udindo pa malamulo. Chochita chake chilichonse chimakhala chotsika mtengo, chosalemekezeka. Mwamuna wake amakhoza kukana mfundo iliyonse yomwe angabweretse. Akazi a maiko a Kuzambwe (komwe kuli ulemelero waukulu wa Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu) sanali kuloledwa kuchitaa mgwirizano uliwonse chifukwa anali pansi pa amuna awo. Iwo akhala akuzunzika kwa zaka pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri  (2000) chifukwa cha malingaliro a Baibulo pa udindo wa amayi kwa abambo ndi amuna awo. [18]

Mu Chisilamu, lonjezo la Msilamu aliyense, mwamuna kapena mkazi, limamangika ndi iye mwini. Palibe amene ali ndi mphamvu zotsutsa malumbiro a wina aliyense. Kulephera kusunga lumbiro lodziwika, lopangidwa ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi, ndikoletsedwa monga momwe Qur’an yakambira:

Qur’an [5: 89]: “…koma akulangani kamba ka malumbiro omwe mwalumbira motsimikiza. Choncho dipo lake ndikuwadyetsa osauka khumi ndi chakudya cha mlingo wapakatikati chomwe mumawadyetsa anthu anu; kapena kuwaveka, kapena kumpatsa ufulu kapolo. Koma amene sangapeze zimenezo, asale masiku atatu. Ili ndi dipo lakulumbira kwanu pamene mukulumbira. Ndipo sungani malumbilo anu, (musaswe chomwe mudalumbirira)…”

Otsatira ake a Mneneri Muhammad (mtendere ukhale pa iye), amuna ndi akazi, ankakonda kupereka lumbiro lawo lomumvera iye. Akazi, komanso amuna, amadza kwa iye paokha ndikulumbira:

 Qur’an [60: 12]:

 E, iwe Mtumiki! Akakudzera akazi okhulupirira kudzakulonjeza”  kuti samphatikiza Mulungu ndi chilichonse ndi kuti saziba,sazichita  chiwerewere, sazipha ana awo ndi kuti sazinena bodza lamkunkhuniza,  lomwe akulipeka pakati pa manja awo ndi miyendo yawo (pompachika  mwana kwa wina amene sali tate wake), ndi kutinso sadzakunyoza pachinthu  chabwino (chimene ukuwaitanira), landira lonjezo lawolo, ndipo apemphere  chikhululuko kwa Mulungu. Ndithu Mulungu Ngokhululuka kwambiri, Ngwachisoni.”

Mwamuna sanali kulumbira mmalo mwa mwana wake wamkazi kapena mkazi wake. Munthu sanali kukana lumbiro lopangidwa ndi wachibale wa wamkazi.

***

  KATUNDU WA MKAZI

Zipembedzo zitatuzi zili ndi chikhulupiliro chosagwedezeka pa kufunikira kwa ukwati ndi banja. Ndipo zimavomerezana pa utsogoleri wa mwamuna pa banja. Komabe, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zipembedzozi, pa malire a utsogoleri umenewu. Chikhalidwe cha Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu, mosemphana ndi Chisilamu, zimawonjezera utsogoleri wa mwamuna kukhala ndi umwini pa mkazi wake.

Chikhalidwe cha Chiyuda pa udindo wa mwamuna kwa mkazi wake chimachokera pa kunena kuti iye ndi mwini wa mkazi wake monga momwe akhalira mwini kapolo. [19] Maganizo amenewa ndi omwe akubweretsa malamulo a chigololo aja komanso kulepheretsa malumbiro a mkazi wake. Chimodzimodzinso kuchokera mmaganizo amenewa, mkazi saloledwa kulamulira pa katundu wake kapena zopeza zake. Mkazi wa Chiyuda akangokwatiwa, amalandidwa katundu wake.

Atsogoleri a Chiyuda adalangiza kuti mwamuna ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi chuma cha mkazi wake monga momwe amachitira cha iye mwini: “Popeza kuti munthu watenga mkazi kukhala wake, akuyenera kutenganso chuma chake chonse kukhala chake”, komanso “Popeza iye adapeza mkaziyo, akuyenera kupezanso katundu wake”. [20]

Motero, ukwati unali kupangitsa mkazi wolemera kukhala wosauka. Talmud imafotokoza zachuma cha mkazi motere:

“Kodi mkazi angakhale bwanji ndi zinthu? Chilichonse chomwe mkazi ali nacho ndi cha mwamuna wake. Chuma cha mwamuna ndi chake mwamunayo, ndipo chuma cha mkazi ndi cha mwamunayonso... zomwe angapeze kapena kutola m’misewu ndi za mwamuna wake. Ziwiya za mnyumba, ngakhale zinyenyeswa za mkate pa tebulo, ndi zamwamuna wake. Mkazi akaitanira mlendo kunyumba kwake ndi kumudyetsa, ndiye kuti wamubera mwamuna wake...” (San. 71a, Git 62a)

Chowona chake ndi chakuti katundu wa mkazi wa Chiyuda (yemwe sanakwatiwe) ankagwiritsa ntchito ngati chokopera amuna basi. Banja lachiyuda limapatsa mwana wawo wamkazi gawo la chuma cha bambo ake kuti agwiritse ntchito ngati chiwongo akamafuna kukwatiwa. Chiwongo choterechi ndichimene chinkachititsa makolo a ana akazi kukhala ndi nkhawa. Bambo ankalera mwana wake kwa zaka zochuluka ndikukonzekera ukwati wake popereka chiwongo chochuluka. Motero, mtsikana wa m’banja la Chiyuda anali chipsinjo kwa bambo wake. [21]

Chipsinjo chimenechi chikumasulira chifukwa chimene chinkachititsa kuti kubadwa kwa mwana wamkazi kukhale kosakondweretsa mu Chiyuda (onani gawo la “Kodi ana akazi ngochititsa manyazi?”). Chiwongo chinali mphatso yaukwati yomwe imapatsidwa kwa mkwati mwalamulo. Mwamuna amatha kukhala mwini wa chiwongo, koma sanali oyenera kuchigulitsa. Mkwatibwi amakhala opanda  ulamuliro uliwonse pa chiwongo pa nthawi ya ukwati. Komanso, anali kuyembekezeka kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa ukwati ndipo malipiro ake onse amayenera kupita kwa mwamuna wake. Iye sankapezanso chuma chake kupatula mu njira ziwiri izi: kumwalira kwa mwamuna, kapena kutha kwa banja.  Ngati mkazi angamwalire moyambilira, mwamuna amatenga chuma chake chonse, ndipo ngati wayambilira kumwalira ndi mwamuna, mkazi samaloledwa kutenga chuma chake chokha koma samaloledwa kutenga cha mwamuna wake.  Tidziwenso kuti mkwati nayenso amayenera kupereka mphatso yaukwati kwa mkwatibwi, komabe iye anali mwiniwake wa mphatsoyo malinga ngati akwatirana. [22]

Chikhristu mpaka posachedwapa, chakhala chikutsatira mwambo womwewo wa Chiyuda. Akuluakulu achipembedzo ndi akuluakulu a boma mu Ufumu wa Chiroma wa Chikhristu (pambuyo pa Constantine) adali kulamula chiwongo kuti chikhale chotsimikizira ukwatiwo. Mawanja anali kupereka chiwongo chochuluka, zomwe zinali kuchititsa kuti amuna akwatire mofulumira, pomwe makolo anali kuimitsa maukwati a ana awo akazi mpaka kudutsa nthawi, mosemphana ndi chikhalidwe. [23]

Malinga ndi lamulo la Canon, mkazi anali ndi ufulu wotenga chiwongo chake ngati ukwati walephereka, kupatula ngati chifukwa chake chinali kugwidwa ndi chiwerewere – pamenepo sanali kupatsidwa kalikonse. [24] Kuchokera mu malamulo a Canon amenewa, akazi okwatiwa mmaiko a ku Europe ndi America akhala akulandidwa ufulu wawo pa katundu kufikira mu zaka za mma 18th ndi 19th century.

Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wa amayi mmalamulo a Chingerezi unalembedwa ndikutsindikizidwa mu 1632, monga: “Zomwe mwamuna ali nazo ndi zake. Zomwe mkazi ali nazo ndi za mwamuna wake.”[25] Mkaziyo sanali kulandidwa chuma chokha, koma analinso kulandidwa umunthu wake. Chochita chake chilichonse chinalibe mphamvu iliyonse mmalamulo. Mwamuna wake amatha kukana malonda aliwonse kapena mphatso yomwe wapeza mkazi, kuti zilibe phindu. Munthu yemwe angachite naye mgwirizano uliwonse, anali kutengedwa kuti ndi chigawenga poti wachita chinyengo.[26] Komanso mkazi sanali kuloledwa kusuma kapena wina kusuma mu dzina lake, ndipo sanali kumveredwa ndi mwamuna wake. Mkazi wokwatiwa amamuona ngati khanda mmalamulo. Mkazi ankangokhala wa mwamuna wake basi, ndipo anali kulandidwa katundu wake, mphamvu yake pa malamulo, ndi dzina lake la kubanja. [27]

Chisilamu, kuyambira mzaka za mma 7th century, chinapereka ufulu kwa akazi okwatiwa kukhala odziimira pawokha, ufulu womwe Ayuda ndi Akhristu anawalanda mpaka posachedwapa. Mu Chisilamu, mkwatibwi ndi banja lake sakuyenera kupereka chiwongo chamtundu uliwonse kwa mkwati. Msungwana wa m’banja la Chisilamu sali chipsinjo kubanja lake. Chisilamu chinamulemekeza mkazi kwambiri kotero kuti safunika kupereka mphatso iliyonse kuti akope mwamuna yemwe akufuna kukwatiwa naye. Ndi mkwati amene ayenera kupereka mphatso ya ukwati kwa mkwatibwi. Mphatso imeneyi ndi chuma chake mkaziyo, ndipo mkwati kapena akubanja la mkwatibwi alibe gawo kapena ulamuliro uliwonse pa chumacho. Mmadera ena a Asilamu masiku ano, mphatso yaukwati yokwana $1000 siyachilendo. Mkwatibwi amasungira mphatso zake zaukwati ngakhale atasudzulana pambuyo pake, ndipo mwamuna saloledwa gawo lililonse mu chuma cha mkazi wake kupatula chimene amamupatsa ndi chilolezo chake chaulere. [29]

Qur’an yanena nkhaniyi momveka bwino:

Qur’an 4:4: “Ndipo akazi apatseni mahari awo (chiwongo) monga mphatso. Koma (akazi anuwo) ngati atakupatsani mokoma mtima chilichonse (mchiwongocho), idyani mokondwa ndi mothandizika nacho.”

Zomwe mkazi wake ali nazo komanso malipiro ake onse, zimakhala mmanja mwake chifukwa cha udindo wake womwe iye akuyenera kukwaniritsa pa ana ndi mwamuna wake. Ngakhale mkazi atakhala olemera chotani, sakukakamizidwa kukhala wothandizana ndi mamuna wake pabanja (popeza zosowa za pabanjapo) pokhapokha atafuna kutero. Mkwati ndi mkwatibwi amatenga chuma kuchokera kwa mzake (ngati wamwalira mwamuna, mkazi atenga chuma chosiyidwacho, ndipo ngati wamwalira mkazi, mwamuna atenga chuma chosiyidwacho). Komanso, mkazi wokwatiwa Mchisilamu amadziwika ndi umunthu wake wodziimira payekha komanso dzina la kubanja komwe achokera silimachotsedwa. [30] Woweruza (Judge) wina wa ku America adakambapo za ufulu wa akazi a Chisilamu kuti: “Mtsikana wa Chisilamu akhoza kukwatiwa kangapo, koma umunthu wake sungasungunuke ndi amuna ake. Iye payekha ndi wodziimira, umunthu wake pamalamulo, dzina la kubanja kwake, komanso chuma chake.” [31]

***

 KUSUDZULANA

Zipembedzo zitatuzi zimasiyana kwambiri pankhani ya kusudzulana. Chikhristu chimanyansidwa kwathunthu ndi kusudzulana, ndipo Chipangano Chatsopano chimalimbikitsa za ukwati wopanda chisudzulo. Mmenemo akunena kuti, Yesu anati, “Koma ine ndikukuuzani kuti aliyense wothetsa ukwati ndi mkazi wake, osati chifukwa cha dama, amamuchititsa chigololo akakwatiwanso, ndipo aliyense wokwatira mkazi wosiyidwayo nayenso wachita chigololo.” (Mateyu 5:32). Zimenezitu sizomveka, chifukwa zikupereka maganizo a chikhalidwe cha ungwiro chomwe anthu sanachitepo. Zikuonetsa kuti ngati anthu awiri a pabanja awona kuti moyo wawo uli ndi mavuto omwe sangathe kukonza, kusiyana banja sikungathandize. Komatu kukakamiza anthu awiri pa banja lomwe sangakhalire limodzi mwakufuna kwawo ndikoipa komanso kupha ufulu wawo waumunthu. Izi nchifukwa chake Akhristu amatengedwa kuti achita tchimo akathetsa banja ndipo amayenera kuimbidwa mlandu.

Pomwe Chiyuda chimalola kuthetsa ukwati ngakhale popanda chifukwa. Chipangano Chakale chinapereka ufulu kwa mwamuna wosudzula mkazi wake ngakhale atangokhala kuti sanamukonde:

“Mwamuna akatenga mkazi kuti akhale mkazi wake, ndiye ngati mkaziyo sanamusangalatse chifukwa wampeza ndi vuto linalake, azimulembera kalata yothetsera ukwati ndi kumpatsa mmanja mwake, nkumuchotsa panyumba pake. Pamenepo mkaziyo azituluka mnyumba ya mwamunayo ndi kukakhala mkazi wa mwamuna wina. Mwamuna wachiwiriyu akadana nayenso mkaziyo ndipo wamulembera kalata yothetsera ukwati nkuyiika mmanja mwake ndi kumchotsa panyumba pake, kapena ngati mwamuna wachiwiriyu amene anamtenga kukhala mkazi wake wamwalira, mwamuna woyamba amene anamchotsa uja sadzaloledwa kumtenganso kuti akhale mkazi wake pambuyo poti waipitsidwa. Kuchita zimenezo nkonyansa pamaso pa Yehova, chotero usachimwitse dziko limene Yehova Mulungu wako akukupatsa monga cholowa.” (Deut 24: 1-4). [32]

Ndime zimenezi zidayambitsa mtsutso waukulu pakati pa ozindikira a Chiyuda chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwawo pakutanthauzira mawu oti “kusasangalatsidwa”, “kuipa”, ndi “kudana naye” omwe atchulidwa mundimezi. Talmud inalongosola maganizo ake osiyana motere:

“Chiphunzitso cha Shammai chinati mwamuna sayenera kusudzula mkazi wake pokhapokha atamgwira chiwerewere, pomwe chiphunzitso cha Hillel chimati mwamuna akhoza kumusudzula mkazi ngakhale atangopezeka kuti sanaphike bwino chakudya.” Rabbi Akiba akunena kuti mwamuna amusiye mkazi wake ngakhale atangoona mkazi wina wokongola kuposa iye” (Gittin 90a-b).

Chipangano Chatsopano chinatenga chiphunzitso cha Shammai, pamene malamulo a Chiyuda anatengera maganizo a Hillel ndi R. Akiba. Koma popeza kuti chiphunzitso cha Hillel chinapambana, chinasanduka kukhala chikhalidwe cha Chiyuda kuti mwamuna ali ndi ufulu wosudzula mkazi wake popanda chifukwa. Chipangano Chakale sichinangopatsa mwamuna ufulu wosudzula mkazi wake “wosasangalatsa”, koma chimakutenganso kusudzula “mkazi woipa” kuti ndi lamulo lokakamiza:

“Mkazi woipa amachititsa manyazi, kukhumudwitsa, komanso kuvulaza mtima.[33] Kutaika kuli kwa mwamuna yemwe mkazi wake samusangalatsa. Mkazi ndi chiyambi cha tchimo, ndipo kudzera mwa iye tonsefe timafa. Musalole chitsime chodontha kuti chiyendelere; musalole mkazi woipa kuti ayankhule zomwe wafuna. Ngati sakuvomereza ulamuliro wanu, mumusudzule ndikumutumiza kwawo.” (Mlaliki 25:25)

Talmud inalongosola zinthu zingapo zomwe zimachititsa mwamuna kuti amusiye mkazi wake:

-          “ngati mkazi apezeka akudyera mumsewu,

-          ngati apezeka akumwera mumsewu,

-          ngati apezeka akuyamwitsa mwana mumsewu.

Rabbi Meir akunena kuti nthawi zimenezi mwamuna ayenera kumusiya mkaziyo” (Git 89a). Talmud inavomereza kuti mwamuna amusiye mkazi wosabereka (yemwe sanabereke mwana kwa zaka khumi): “Rabbi athu anatiphunzitsa kuti: Ngati mwamuna watenga mkazi ndi kukhala naye kwa zaka khumi ndipo sanabale mwana, adzayenera kumusiya banja “(Yeb. 64a).

Mmalamulo a Chiyuda, mkazi sangayambitse msudzulo. Koma ali ndi ufulu wakunena zoti asudzulidwe pa bwalo lamilandu la Chiyuda, ngati pali chifukwa champhamvu. Zifukwa zochepa kwambiri zimaperekedwa kuti mkazi atha kupempha kuti athetse banja, monga: Mwamuna amene ali ndi zilema kapena matenda a khungu, mwamuna wosakwaniritsa ntchito yake, ndi zina. Khoti likhoza kuthandizira zomwe mkaziyo akunena koma silingathetse banja. [34]

Mwamuna yekha ndi amene angathe kuthetsa ukwati pakupereka kalata kwa mkazi wake. Bwalo likhoza kumukwapula, kumuika m’ndende komanso kumuchotsa muzochitika za mu tchalitchi mpaka atapereka kalata yoyenera ya chisudzulo kwa mkazi wake. Komabe, ngati mwamunayo wakakamira, akhoza kukana kupereka chisudzulo kwa mkazi wake ndikumakhala naye nthawi zonse. Choipa kwambiri nchoti akhoza kumusamukira popanda kumusudzula, ndikumusiya wosakwatiwa komanso wosasudzulidwa. Iye akhoza kukwatira mkazi wina kapena kukhala ndi mkazi aliyense wosakwatiwa ndikubala ana kuchokera mwa iye (ana awa amaonedwa kuti ndi ochokera munjira yolondola mmalamulo a Chiyuda). Mkazi yemwe wasiyidwa uja, sangathe kukwatiwanso ndi mwamuna wina popeza kuti adakali muchilamulo choti ndiwokwatiwa ndimwamuna wina (sanamusudzule), ndipo sangathe kukhala ndi mwamuna wina aliyense chifukwa akatero adzatengedwa kuti ndi wachigololo, ndipo ana ake obadwira mmenemo adzakhala wochokera munjira yolakwika mpaka mibadwo khumi yakutsogolo kwawo.

Mayi wotereyu amatchedwa agunah (mayi womangidwa). Ku United States lero lino kuli amayi a Chiyuda pakati pa 1,000 ndi 1,500 omwe ali ma agunah, ndipo mu Israeli, chiŵerengero chawo chikhoza kuposera pa 16,000. Amuna amatha kutenga ndalama zambirimbiri kuchokera kwa akazi awo omwe ali mumsasa kuti athetse banja la Chiyuda. [35]

Chisilamu chili pakati pa Chikhristu ndi Chiyuda pa lamulo la chisudzulo. Ukwati Mchisilamu ndi chiyanjano choyera chomwe sichifunika kuchiswa kupatula pa chifukwa chomveka. Maŵanja akulangizidwa kuti azitsatira njira zoyenera zothetsera mavuto. Kusudzulana sikuyenera kuchitika kupatula ngati palibe njira ina yothetsera mavutowo. Mwachidule, Chisilamu chimavomereza kusudzulana, komabe sichimalimbikitsa kutero.

Tiyeni tiwone kaye mbali ya kuvomerezayi: Chisilamu chimavomereza kuti onse awiri atha kuthetsa ubale wawo wabanja, choncho, chinapereka kwa mwamuna ufulu wa Talaq (chisudzulo). Koma mosiyana ndi Chiyuda, Chisilamu chinapereka ufulu kwa mkazi, woti akhoza kuthetsa banja kudzera munjira yotchedwa

Khul’a. [36]

Ngati mwamuna wathetsa ukwati mwa kusudzula mkazi wake, sangathe kulandira mphatso iliyonse ya ukwati yomwe anapereka. Qur’an ikuletsa momveka kuti amuna osudzula asabwezeredwe mphatso zawo za ukwati ngakhale zitakhala za mtengo wapatali kapena zopindulitsa.

Qur’an [4: 20]:

“Ndipo ngati mufuna kusintha mkazi wina mmalo mwa wina (pokwatira wina kusiya wakale) pomwe mmodzi waiwo (woyambayo) mudampatsa milumilu yachuma, musatenge (kulanda) chilichonse. Kodi mungachitenge mwachinyengo ndi utchimo woonekera?”

Koma ngati mkazi wasankha kuti banja lithe, ndiye kuti adzayenera kubweza mphatso kwa mwamuna wake. Kubweza mphatso zaukwati panthawiyi kuli ngati malipiro abwino kwa mwamuna yemwe akufuna kumusunga mkaziyo pamene mwini wake wasankha kumusiya. Qur’an yalangiza amuna a Chisilamu kuti asatenge mphatso zomwe adawapatsa akazi awo pa ukwati, kupatula ngati mkaziyo ndamene wafuna kuti banja lithe:

Qur’an [2: 229]:

“Ndipo sizili zololedwa kwa inu kuti mutenge (kulanda) chilichonse chimene mudawapatsa (akazi anu) pokhapokha (onse awiri) ngati akuopa kuti satha kusunga malire a Mulungu (malamulo a Mulungu). Ngati muopa kuti sasunga malire a Mulungu, ndiye kuti pamenepo pakhala popanda tchimo kwa iwo (mwamuna woyamba ndi mkaziyu) kulandira (kapena kupereka) chodziombolera mkazi. Awa ndiwo malire a Mulungu; choncho musawalumphe. Ndipo amene alumphe malire a Mulungu (powaswa), iwowo ndiwo anthu ochita zoipa.” [37]

Mkazi wina adadza kwa Mtumiki Muhammad salla Allah alaih wasallam pofunafuna kuthetsa ukwati wake, adamuwuza Mtumiki (mtendere ukhale pa iye) kuti adalibe vuto ndi khalidwe la mwamuna wake, koma vuto linali loti sanamufune iye mpaka kufika polephera kukhala naye. Mtumiki adamufunsa kuti: “Ungamupatse munda wake (mphatso yaukwati yomwe adakupatsa)?” Iye adati: “Inde”. Mtumiki adamulangiza mwamuna kuti atenge munda wake ndikuvomereza kuti ukwati uthe (Al-Bukhari).

Nthawi zina mkazi wa Chisilamu akhoza kukhala wokonzeka kusunga banja lake, koma amapezeka kuti akuyenera kupempha talaaq pachifukwa chomveka, monga nkhanza za mwamuna, kudana popanda chifukwa, mwamuna wosakwaniritsa maudindo ake, ndi zina zotero. Zikakhala choncho, bwalo la milandu la Chisilamu limayenera kuthetsa ukwatiwo.

Mwachidule, Chisilamu chinapereka kwa mayi wa Chisilamu ufulu ochitira zinthu zina mosiyana ndi mwamuna, monga kuti akhoza kuthetsa ukwati kudzera mu Khula ‘ ndipo akhoza kumusumira kuti amusudzule. Mkazi wa Chisilamu sangamangidwe ndi mwamuna. Uwu ndiwo ufulu umene unkakopa akazi a Chiyuda omwe anali munthawi yoyambilira ya Chisilamu mzaka za mma 7th century pakufunafuna kupeza chiweruzo cha chisudzulo kuchokera kwa amuna awo a Chiyuda mmakhoti a Chisilamu, ndipo kenako ma Rabbi adalengeza kuti chiweruzo ichi chizigwira ntchito. Pofuna kuthetsa chizolowezi ichi, ma Rabbi anapereka ufulu ndi udindo watsopano kwa akazi a Chiyuda pofuna kuyesa kufowoketsa malamulo a makhoti a Chisilamu. Akazi a Chiyuda omwe ankakhala mmayiko a Chikhristu sanali kupatsidwa mwayi wofanana nawo, poti lamulo la Chiroma pa kusudzula, lomwe linali kutsatidwa kumeneko, silinali lopatsa chikoka kuposa lamulo la Chiyuda. [38]

Tiyeni tsopano tione momwe Chisilamu sichilimbikitsira kusudzulana. Mwamuna wa Chisilamu sayenera kusudzula mkazi wake chifukwa chakuti sanamukonde. Qur’an yalangiza amuna a Chisilamu kuti azikhala okoma mtima kwa akazi awo ngakhale atapanda kuwakonda:

Qur’an [4: 19]: “Ndipo khalani nawo mwaubwino. Ngati mutawada (musalekane nawo), mwina mungade chinthu chomwe Mulungu waika zabwino zambiri mkati mwake.”

Mtumiki salla Allah alaih wasallam analangizanso chimodzimodzi kuti: “Mwamuna wokhulupilira sayenera kumuda mkazi wokhulupilira. Ngati sakonda chimodzi mwa makhalidwe ake, adzasangalatsidwa ndi china” (Muslim).

Mtumiki (mtendere ukhale pa iye) adatsindikanso kuti Asilamu abwino ndi omwe ali abwino kwa akazi awo:

“Okhulupilira omwe amasonyeza chikhulupiliro changwiro kwambiri ndi omwe ali ndi khalidwe labwino kwambiri, komanso omwe ali abwino mwa inu ndi omwe ali abwino kwa akazi awo” (Tirmidthi).

Komabe, Chisilamu ndi Chipembedzo chenicheni ndipo chimadziwa kuti nthawi zina ukwati umatha. Zikatero, malangizo ochita chifundo kapena kudziletsa sangakhale njira yothetsera vuto. Kodi nanga pamenepo tingachite chiyani kuti titeteze ukwati? Qur’an inapereka malangizo othandiza kwa wokwatira (mwamuna kapena mkazi) pamene mkazi kapena mwamuna walakwira mzake. Kwa mwamuna yemwe chikhalidwe cha mkazi wake chikuopseza chitetezo cha banja lake, Qur’an inapereka malangizo anayi monga momwe ziliri mundime zotsatirazi:

Qur’an [4: 34]:

“Ndipo akazi omwe mukuopa mnyozo wawo, (1) achenjezeni; (2) ndipo kenako achokereni pamphasa. (Apo ayi), (3) akwapuleni; (kukwapula kosavulaza) koma ngati akukumverani, musawafunire njira yowavutitsira. Ndithu Mulungu ndi yemwe ali wapamwamba, wamkulu (kuposa inu nonse). Ndipo (inu aweruzi) (4) ngati muopa mkangano pakati pawo (pamwamuna ndi mkazi wake), tumizani nkhoswe yakuchimuna ndi nkhoswe yakuchikazi. Ngati iwo atafuna kuyanjanitsa, Mulungu awapatsa mphamvu zoyanjanitsira pakati pawo (okanganawo).”

Malangizo atatu oyambilirawo ayenera kuyesedwa koyamba, ngati alephera, akuyenera kuthandizirapo mawanja ena omwe ali okhudzidwa pa ukwati wa awiriwo. Tiyenera kuzindikiranso, kuti mamvetsedwe a ndime ziwirizo, sakulamula kumenya mkazi mwankhanza, koma kumenya kwake kofuna kumuphunzitsa kuti asinthe khalidwe, osati kumuvulaza kapena kumumvetsa kuwawa kulikonse. Ndipo ngati zingatheke, mwamuna saloledwa mwa njira iliyonse kupitilira kukwiyira mkazi. Ngati sizingatheke, mwamunayo sakuloledwa kugwiritsanso ntchito njira imeneyo, koma tsopano pakufunika ayesere njira yomaliza yomwe ndi kupeza thandizo la ena, malinga ndi mmene ndimezi zikunenera.

Mtumiki Muhammad salla Allah alaih wasallam adalangiza amuna a Chisilamu kuti sayenera kuchita izi pokhapokha pazoipa zomwe mkazi wachita moonekera, monga chiwerewere. Komabe ngakhale pamulandu wachiwerewere ndi ina yoteroyo, chilango chake chiyenera kukhala chaching’ono ndipo ngati mkazi sakusintha, mwamuna sakuloledwa kumukwiyitsa:

“Ngati apezeka ndi chiwerewere chotseguka, muwasiye okha pamabedi awo ndikupereka chilango chochepa. Ngati akukumverani, musawakhumudwitse munjira iliyonse” (Tirmidthi)

Komanso, Mtumiki salla Allah alaih wasallam adaletsa kumenya kulikonse kosayenera. Amayi ena anadandaula kwa iye kuti amuna awo adawakwapula. Atamva izi, Mtumiki (mtendere ukhale pa iye) adati: “Amene amachita zimenezo (kumenya akazi awo) si abwino mwa inu” (Abu Dawood).

Pamenepa tikuyenera kukumbukira kuti Mtumiki salla Allah alaih wasallam adanenanso kuti: “Wopambana mwa inu ndi yemwe ali wabwino ku banja lake, ndipo ine ndine wabwino kwambiri pakati panu ku banja langa” (Tirmidthi).

Mtumiki adalangiza mkazi wina, dzina lake Fatimah bint Qais, kuti asakwatiwe ndi mwamuna wina yemwe anali kudziwika ndi kumenya akazi: “Ndinapita kwa Mtumiki salla Allah alaih wasallam ndipo ndinati: Abul Jahm ndi Muawiah akufuna kuti andikwatire.”Mtumiki salla Allahu alaihi wasallam (mwa uphungu) adati: “Kukamba za Muawiah, ndi wosawuka; ndipo Abul Jahm ali ndi chizolowezi chomenya akazi” (Muslim).

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti Talmud imalimbikitsa kumenya mkazi ngati njira yopelekera mwambo.[39] Mwamuna sanapatsidwe malire pa zolakwa za mkazi zikuluzikulu, monga kupezeka ndi chiwerewere. Iye amaloledwa kumenya mkazi wake ngakhale atakana kugwira ntchito ya pakhomo. Komanso, sikuti anangomulola kupereka chilango chopanda malire kokha, koma anamulolanso ngakhale kumusiya ndi njala kapena kumuvulaza kumene.[40] Kwa mkazi yemwe mwamuna wake ali ndi khalidwe loipa lochititsa kutha kwa banja, Qur’an yapereka malangizo awa:

Qur’an [4: 128]: “Ndipo ngati mkazi ataona kuti ndi mwamuna wake akukanganakangana ndi kupatulana, palibe kulakwa pa iwo kuyanjana pakati pawo mwachimvano. Ndipo chimvano ndichabwino. (Munthu aliyense amaumirira chimene afuna). Chifukwa chakuti mitima ya anthu imaumirira umbombo. Koma ngati muchita zabwino ndi kuopa Mulungu, ndithudi, Mulungu ngodziwa nkhani zanu zonse zomwe muchita.”

Pamenepo, mkazi akulangizidwa kufunafuna chiyanjano ndi mwamuna wake (ngakhale popanda thandizo la banja lakwawo). Tidziwe kuti Qur’an sinalangize mkazi kuti atenge njira yosamuka malo ogona kapena kumenya; pofuna kumuteteza mkazi kuti asapwetekedwe ndi mwamuna wake yemwe ali ndi khalidwe loipa kale akamafuna kubwezera. Ndipo kumenyana kumene kungachitike pamenepo kudzabweretsa mavuto owopsa m’banja kuposa zabwino zomwe akuyembekezera kuzipeza. Ma ulamaa ena anati bwalo la milandu (khothi) likhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira ziwirizi pa mwamunayo mmalo mwa mkazi… kutanthauza kuti: khoti limulangize mwamuna wopandukayo, kenako limuletse bedi la mkazi wake, ndipo pomalizira pake alandire chilango cha kumenenyedwa. [41]

Pomaliza, Chisilamu chimapereka malangizo apamwamba kwa anthu okwatira, kuti ateteze mawanja awo pamene vuto lagwa. Ngati mmodzi wa iwo akubweretsa chiopsezo pakati pawo, winayo akulangizidwa ndi Qur’an kuti achite zotheka komanso munjira yabwino kuti apulumutse ubale wawo woyerawo. Koma ngati njira zonse zalephereka, Chisilamu chimalola kuti anthu awiriwo apatukane mwamtendere ndi mwachikondi.

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 AMAYI

Chipangano Chakale chimalamula kukhala ndi makolo mwa makhalidwe abwino ndipo chimadzudzula omwe samawalemekeza. Mwachitsanzo, “Munthu akatemberera bambo ndi mayi ake, aziphedwa ndithu. Iye watemberera bambo ndi mayi ake. Mulandu wa magazi ake ukhale wa iye mwini.” (Levitiko 20: 9) komanso “Mwana wanzeru ndi amene amakondweretsa bambo ake, koma wopusa amanyoza mayi ake.” (Miyambo 15:20).

Ngakhale kuti kulemekeza bambo ndi mayi kwatchulidwa malo angapo, mwachitsanzo: “Mwana amakhala wanzeru ngati akulandira malangizo kuchokera kwa bambo ake, koma amene sanamve chidzudzulo amakhala wonyoza” (Miyambo 13: 1); tipeza kuti mayi sanatchulidwe. Sitikupeza chitsindikizo pa kuchitira zabwino mayi, pothokoza malinga ndi kuvutika komwe anavutika nthawi yaitali pakutibereka ndi kutiyamwitsa. Komanso tipeza kuti mayi alibe gawo mu chuma chosiyidwa ndi ana ake, pomwe bambo amalandira.

Ndizovuta kuti tinene motsindika kuti Chipangano Chatsopano chimalimbikitsa kulemekeza mayi. Koma mmalo mwake, tikupeza kuti Chipangano Chatsopano chimawona kuti kusamalira mayi kumalepheretsa njira yofikira kwa Mulungu. Malingana ndi Chipangano Chatsopano, munthu sangakhale Mkhristu wabwino, ngakhale kukhala wophunzira wa Khristu, pokhapokha atadana ndi amayi ake. Izitu zinanenedwa kuti Yesu anati:

“Ngati wina wabwera kwa ine, koma osadana ndi bambo ake, mayi ake, mkazi wake, ana ake, abale ake ndi alongo ake, ngakhale moyo wake umene, sangakhale wophunzira wanga” (Luka 14:26).

[42]

Komanso, Chipangano Chatsopano chikuwonetsera chithunzi cha Yesu kuti anali wosayamika mayi ake enieni. Mwachitsanzo, pamene anapita kukamufunafuna pamene anali kulalikira kwa gulu la anthu, sanasamale zoti mayi ake akumufunafuna:

“Tsopano panafika mayi ake ndi abale ake, ndipo anaimilira kunja, ndi kutumiza mthenga kukamuitana. Iye anali ndi khamu la anthu litakhala momuzungulira, ndipo anthuwo anamuuza kuti: “Mayi anu ndi abale anu ali panjapa, akukufunani.” Koma iye anawayankha kuti: “Mayi anga ndi abale anga ndani?” Kenako anayang’ana onse amene anakhala pansi momuzungulira aja, ndi kunena kuti: “Onani! Mayi anga ndi abale anga ndi awa. Aliyense wochita chifuniro cha Mulungu, ameneyo ndiye m’bale wanga, mlongo wanga ndi mayi anga.” (Maliko 3: 31-35)

Mwinatu wina akhoza kunena kuti Yesu anali kuyesera kuphunzitsa anthu phunziro lofunika kuti maubwenzi achipembedzo ndi ofunika kwambiri kuposa chiyanjano cha banja. Komabe, akanatha kuphunzitsa omvera ake phunziro lomwelo popanda kusonyeza kuti alibe chidwi ndi mayi ake. Mtima wosayamika womwewo unasonyezedwa pamene anakana kuvomereza mawu a womvera ake pamene anali kuyamikira udindo wa mayi ake pomubereka ndi kumusamalira:

“Pamene anali kunena mawu amenewa, mayi wina mkhamu la anthulo anafuula nkumuuza kuti: “Ndi wodala mayi amene mimba yake inanyamula inu ndiponso amene munayamwa mabere ake!” Koma iye anati: “Ayi, mmalomwake, odala ndi amene akumva mawu a Mulungu ndi kuwasunga!” (Luka 11: 27-28)

Ngati mayi wolemekezeka koposa, yemwe ndi Maria, adakanidwa kuchitiridwa zabwino ndi mwana wake weniweni yemwe ndi Yesu, monga momwe Chipangano Chatsopano chikutiwonetsera, kodi nanga amayi a Chikhristu wamba angachitidwe bwanji ndi ana awo?

Mu Chisilamu, ulemu kwa mayi sungalekanitsidwe; Qur’an inaika kufunika kwa kuchitira zabwino makolo onse awiri pambuyo pa kupembedza Mulungu Mmodzi  Wamphamvu zonse:

Quran [17: 23]:

“Ndipo walamula Mbuye wako kuti musapembedze (wina) koma Iye yekha, ndi kuti muchitire zabwino makolo (anu). Ngati mmodzi waiwo afika msinkhu waukalamba uli naye, kapena onse awiri, usawanenere mawu amnyozo ndiponso usawakalipire koma yankhula nawo ndi mau aulemu. Ndipo afungatire ndi phiko lodzichepetsa powachitira chisoni, ndipo nena: “Mbuye wanga achitireni chisoni (makolo anga) monga momwe ankandilerera ku ubwana.”

Qur’an yatsindika kwambiri udindo wa amayi pakubereka ndi kuyamwitsa:

 Qur’an:[31:14]

 Ndipo tamulangiza munthu kwa makolo ake (kuwachitira zabwino)”  adamsenza (pathupi) mayi wake ali wofooka pamwamba pakufooka.  (Adamuyamwitsa) ndi kumusiyitsa patapita zaka ziwiri. Ndithokoze ine

“.ndi makolo ako, kwa ine nkobwerera

 Kulemekezeka kwa mayi kwapadera kunatchulidwa ndi  Mtumiki Muhammad salla Allah alaih wasallam momveka  bwino: “Munthu wina anafunsa Mtumiki kuti: ‘Ndani yemwe  ndikuyenera kulemekeza kwambiri?’ Mtumiki anati: ‘Amayi ako’.  Munthuyo anafunsa: kenako ndani: Mtumiki anati: ‘Amayi ako’.  Munthu anafunsanso: kenako ndani: Mtumiki anati: ‘Amayi ako!’  Munthuyo anafunsanso: kenako ndani? Ndipo Mtumiki anati:

 ‘Bambo ako”(Bukhari ndi Muslim)

Zina mwa ziphunzitso za Chisilamu zomwe Asilamu amadzigwiritsa ntchito mpaka lero lino, ndi kuchitira zabwino ndikulemekeza amayi. Ulemu umene amayi a Chisilamu amalandira kuchokera kwa ana awo aamuna ndi aakazi, ndi ulemu wa chitsanzo chabwino. Ubale wachikondi pakati pa amayi a Chisilamu ndi ana awo, komanso kulemekeza kwakukulu kumene ana amachitira amayi awo, kumawadabwitsa anthu a Kuzambwe. [43]

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  ULOWAMMALO WA MKAZI PA CHUMA CHOSIYIDWA

Mwa zinthu zomwe zikusiyanitsa kwambiri pakati pa Qur’an ndi Baibulo ndi malamulo a mkazi pa chosiyidwa cha womwalira. Malinga ndi Baibulo, zafotokozedwa mosapsatira ndi Rabbi Epstein kuti: “Chikhalidwe chosasunthika komanso chamuyaya kuyambira pachiyambi cha Baibulo, sichinapereke kwa mkazi ndi ana achikazi ufulu wa ulowammalo pa katundu wosiyidwa m’banja. Akazi amaonedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwa katundu wamnyumba, choncho ali otalikitsidwa kwambiri ndi kutenga katundu wosiyidwa. Ngakhale kuti mmalamulo a Mose ana aakazi adaloledwa ulowammalo ngati ana amuna kulibe, koma mkazi amene ali ndi mamuna sanali kuloledwa.”[44] Kodi nchifukwa ninji akazi ankatengedwa kuti ndi gawo la chuma? Rabbi Epstein anayankha motere: “Chifukwa choti iwowo ndi a abambo awo - asanakwatiwe, ndipo ndi a amuna awo - akakwatiwa.”

Malamulo a m’Baibulo pa  kulowammalo kwa mkazi alembedwa mu Numeri 27:1-11. Mkazi samapatsidwa gawo mu chuma cha mwamuna wake, ngakhale kuti iye ndi oyambilira oyenera kulandira asanalandire ana ake. Mwana wamkazi akhoza kutenga cholowa ngati palibe wamwamuna. Mayi si wolandira pamene bambo alipo. Amayi wosiyidwa ndi amuna awo komanso ana aakazi anali kuchitiridwa chifundo ngati ana aamuna atsala. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake akazi amasiye pamodzi ndi ana awo aakazi amakhala osauka kwambiri mu mtundu wa Chiyuda. Chikhristu chakhala chikutsatira zimenezi kwanthawi yaitali; malamulo a zipembedzo ndi zikhalidwe za mipingo ya Chikhristu zinkaletsa ana aakazi kuti asamayanjane ndi abale awo mu cholowa chawo. Kuphatikiza apo, akazi anali kulandidwa ufulu wa cholowa chilichonse, ndipo malamulo oipawa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka zaka zakumapeto kuno.

Nthawi ya ma Arabu achikunja (Shariah ya Chisilamu isanabwere), chimodzimodzinso ufulu wa cholowa unkaikidwa kwa abale achimuna okhaokha, koma Qur’an inathetsa miyambo yonseyi yomwe ndiyopanda chilungamo ndipo inapatsa amayi onse achibale ufulu pa cholowa chawo: Qur’an [4: 7]:

“Amuna mchuma chimene makolo ndi achibale asiya ali ndi gawo. Nawonso akazi ali ndigawo mchuma chimene asiya makolo ndi achibale (chapafupi), ngakhale chitakhala chochepa kapena chochuluka ndigawo logawidwa (ndi Mulungu).”

Amayi a Chisilamu, akazi, ana achikazi ndi alongo adalandira ufulu wolandira gawo la zosiyidwa zaka1300 maiko aku Ulaya (Europe) asanazindikire kuti ufulu umenewu unalipo. Kugawidwa kwa cholowa ndi phunziro lalikulu lomwe liri ndi mfundo zambiri. Werengani Qur’an: [4: 7], [4: 11], [4: 12], [4: 176].

Lamulo lake ndiloti gawo la mkazi ndi theka la gawo la mwamuna, kupatula pamene mayi alandira gawo lofanana ndi la bambo. Komatu mmaganiziridwe ena, lamulo limeneli ngati lingatengedwe palokha kuchoka mmalamulo ena okhudza abambo ndi amayi, mutha kuona ngati kuti palibe chilungamo. Pofuna kumvetsetsa zomwe zimachitika potsatira lamuloli, munthu ayenera kuganizira kuti udindo wa amuna pa ndalama Mchisilamu umaposa wa akazi (onani gawo la “Katundu wa Mkazi”).

Mkwati ayenera kupereka mphatso yaukwati kwa mkwatibwi. Mphatso imeneyi imakhala yake mkaziyo ndipo samabwenza ngakhale pambuyo pa kusudzulidwa. Mkwatibwi sanalamulidwe kupereka mphatso iliyonse kwa mwamuna wake. Ndi udindo wa mwamuna kusamalira mkazi ndi ana ake, ndipo mkazi sanalamulidwe kuti amuthandize mwamuna wake pa udindo wakewo, kotero kuti chuma chake komanso zopeza za pamoyo wake zimakhala zake iyeyo kupatula ngati wafuna kugawana kapena kuthandiza mwamuna wake kusamalira banja mongodzipereka.

Wina aliyense akuyenera kudziwa kuti Chisilamu chimalimbikitsa moyo wa m’banja; chimalimbikitsa achinyamata kuti akwatirane, chimadana ndi kusudzulana, ndipo kukhala osakwatira sichimakutenga kuti ndi ubwino. Kotero mu chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu, moyo wa pabanja ndi moyo wachilengedwe, komanso ndi chikhalidwe chake, pomwe kukhala wosakwatira ndi zosemphana ndi chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu. Nchifukwa chake pafupifupi akazi ndi amuna onse achikulire amakhala okwatira. Malingana ndi izi, munthu amvetsetsa kuti amuna a Chisilamu onse amakhala ndi mavuto aakulu pankhani zachuma kuposa akazi, nchifukwa chake kulowammalo pa chuma chosiyidwa kumakhala kosafanana pakati pawo, kuti pasakhale kulimbana.

Pambuyo pa kuyerekeza pakati pa maufulu a zachuma a mayi ndi maudindo ake, mmodzi mwa amayi a ku Britain adatsimikiza kuti Chisilamu sichinangosamalira amayi mwaulemu mokha, koma chinawasamaliranso mowolowa manja.

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  MAVUTO A AKAZI AMASIYE

Pachifukwa chakuti Chipangano Chakale sichidawaganizire akazi powapatsa ufulu wa gawo la chuma chosiyidwa, iwo anali mwa anthu ovutika kwambiri mwa Ayuda. Amuna onse omwe amatenga gawo la chuma chonse amayenera kuwagawira akazi kuchokera mu chumacho, komabe akaziwo analibe ufulu woonesetsa kuti akupeza kanthu kuchokera kwa amunawo, kotero kuti anali kudalira chifundo cha anthu ena. Zonsezi mapeto ake ndi oti amayi amasiye amakhala onyozeka kwambiri mugulu la ma Israel kalelo, ndipo umasiye wotero unali ngati chizindikiro cha kuchepetsedwa ndi kunyozeka. (Yesaya 54: 4).[46]

Malinga ndi chikhalidwe chochokera m’Baibulo, umasiye wa mkazi umakhala wopitilira kuwonjezera pa kusalidwa kwake pa katundu wosiyidwa ndi mwamuna wake. Ndipo malinga ndi Genesis 38, mkazi wamasiye (yemwe mwamuna wake wamwalira) ndipo sanamusiyire mwana, ayenera kukwatiwa ndi mchimwene wa mwamuna wake yemwe wamwalirayo, ngakhale mchimweneyo atakhala kuti ali ndi mkazi wina kale; ncholinga choti dzina la mchimwene wake uja lisafe.[47] “Yuda ataona zimenezi anamuuza Onani kuti: “Gona ndi mkazi wa m’bale wako ndipo uchite chokolo, kuti um’berekere ana m’bale wakoyo.” (Genesis 38: 8).

Limenelo ndi lamulo ndipo sizikufunika kudikira kuti mkaziyo avomereze. Mkazi wamasiye amatengedwa kuti  ndi gawo la chuma cha mwamuna wake wakufa yemwe ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kupitiriza m’badwo wa mwamuna wake. Lamulo limeneli (kulowa

chokolo) likupitilirabe mu Israeli mpaka lero. [48]

Mkazi wamasiye wa mu Israel opanda mwana, amaperekedwa kwa mchimwene wa mwamuna wake yemwe wamwalira. Ndipo mchimweneyo ngati ali wochepa msinkhu moti sinakwanire nthawi yokwatira, amadikira kuti akule, ndipo ngati angakane kukwatira mkazi wa malemu achimwene akewo (kulowa chokolo) ndiye kuti mkaziyo amapatsidwa ufulu wokwatiwa ndi mwamuna aliyense yemwe wamfuna. Sizodabwitsatu ku Israeli, kuti akazi amasiye amaopsezedwa ndi azilamu awo achimuna kuti apeze ufulu, powakwatira.

‘Ndipo tikaonesetsa, zikhalidwe zambiri zomwe zikulongosoledwa mu bukumu kuti zinayambira komanso zimachitika pakati pa Ayuda, ndizomwenso anthu ena omwe sali Ayuda amadzigwiritsa ntchito lerolino, zikhalidwe za umbuli komanso zopondereza’

Aarabu achikunja anali ndi chikhalidwe chomwechi, ‘poti nawo anali oyandikira kwambiri ndi Ayuda Qur’an isanatsike asanakhale ndi zofanana’; Mkazi wamasiye anali gawo la chuma cha mwamuna wake kuti adzatenge abale ake achimuna, ndipo kawirikawiri anali kuperekedwa kwa mwana wamwamuna wamkulu wa bambo omwalirayo, yemwe anabadwira mwa mkazi wina ‘(mwana wobadwira mwamkazi wa kumitala, amaperekedwa kuti akwatire mkazi winayo (mwana kukwatira step-mother wake)’.

Koma Qur’an itatsika, inadzudzula ndikuphwasula mchitidwe wonyansawu: Qur’an [4: 22]:

“Ndipo musakwatire akazi amene adakwatiwapo ndi atate anu, kupatula zomwe zidapita, (musabwerezenso kuzichita). Ndithudi, chinthu ichi nchauve ndipo nchodedwa ndiponso ndinjira yoipa.”

Akazi amasiye ndi akazi osudzulidwa anali kunyozeka kwambiri muchikhalidwe cha Baibulo, moti mkulu wa Ansembe sankaloledwa kukwatira mkazi wamasiye kapena wachiwerewere: “Mkulu wa ansembe akafuna kukwatira, azikwatira namwali. Asakwatire mkazi wamasiye kapena amene mwamuna wake anamusiya ukwati komanso mkazi amene wataya unamwali wake kapena hule; koma azikwatira namwali pakati pa anthu amtundu wake. Asaipitse ana ake pakati pa anthu amtundu wake…” Levitiko 21:1-4

Lero lino mu Israeli, mbadwa ya Cohen caste (ansembe aakulu a nthawi ya Kachisi) sangakwatire osudzulidwa, wamasiye, kapena wachigololo. Mmalamulo a Chiyuda, mkazi yemwe wakhala wamasiye katatu, ndipo amuna onsewo akhala akumwalira imfa yachilengedwe, amatengedwa kuti ndi mkazi wakupha, choncho amaletsedwa kukwatiwanso kuwopera kuti amuna ena angafe . [50]

Komatu Qur’an simaona zimenezo. Akazi amasiye ndi osudzulidwa ali ndi ufulu wokwatiwa ndi aliyense amene wamusankha. Palibe chiopsezo chilichonse chomwe chimalumikizana ndi kusudzulidwa kapena kumwalira kwa mwamuna wake:

Qur’an [2:2 31]:

“Ndipo pamene musiya akazi powanenera mawu achilekaniro, niiyandikira kukwana nyengo yachiyembekezero chawo (edda yawo), abwerereni mwaubwino; kapena lekananaoni mwaubwino, ndipo musawabwerere mowavutitsa kuti mupyole malirea Mulungu (poswa malamulo ake). Ndipo amene achite zimenezo ndiye kuti wadzichitira yekha zoipa. Ndipo ndime za mawu a Mulungu musazichitire chibwana.”

Qur’an [2: 234]:

“Ndipo mwainu amene amwalira nasiya akazi, choncho (akaziwo) ayembekezere (asakwatiwe) miyezi inayi ndi masiku khumi. Ndipo akakwanitsa nyengo ya chiyembekezero chawo cha edda, sitchimo kwa inu pazimene akaziwo adzichitira okha (monga kudzikongoletsa ndi kudziwonetsa kwa ofunsira ukwati); komabe zikhale motsatira mmalamulo a Shariya. Ndipo Mulungu Ngodziwa zonse zimene mukuchita.”

Qur’an [2: 240]:

“Ndipo mwainu amene amwalira nasiya akazi awo, alangize (amlowam’malo awo) za akazi awo kuti awapatse zodyera m’nyengo yachaka chimodzi popanda kutulutsidwa (m’nyumba zomwe ankakhala ndi amuna awo). Koma ngati akazi wo atuluka (okha), palibe kulakwa painu pazimene adzichitira okha zomwe nzogwirizana ndi chilamulo cha Shariya. Ndipo Mulungu Ngwamphamvu zoposa; Ngwanzeru zakuya.”

***

 MITALA

Tiyeni tsopano tione funso lofunikira kwambiri lokhudza mitala. Mitala ndi chikhalidwe chakale kwambiri chomwe chimachitika pakati pa anthu, ndipo Baibulo silinatsutse kalikonse pankhaniyi, komanso Chipangano Chakale ndi malemba a ma Rabbi nthawi zambiri zimatsimikizira kuti mitala ndi yolondola.

Zinalembedwa kuti Mfumu Solomoni inali ndi akazi 700 ndi adzakazi 300 (1 Mafumu 11:3). Komanso, mfumu Davide inali ndi akazi ambiri ndi adzakazi (2 Samueli 5:13). Chipangano Chakale chiri ndi malamulo a momwe chuma cha mwamuna angachigawire pakati pa ana aamuna ochokera kwa akazi osiyanasiyana (Deut. 22:7). Kuletsa kokhako komwe kukupezeka pa mitala ndiko kutenga mchemwali wa mkazi ngati wachiwiri (Levitiko 18:18). Talmud imalangiza kutenga akazi osapyola anayi, [51] ndipo Ayuda a ku Ulaya (Europe) anapitiriza kuchita mitala mpaka zaka za mma 16th century. Pomwe Ayuda a Kuvuma (Asia) anali kuchita mitala mpaka pamene anafika ku Israeli komwe anapeza kuti mitala ndiyoletsedwa malinga ndi malamulo a boma. Komabe, poti mitala ndiyololedwa ndi malamulo a chipembedzo omwe ndi amphamvu kuposa a boma, inasanduka kukhala yololedwa kwathunthu. [52]

Kodi nanga Chipangano Chatsopano chikuti bwanji? Malinga ndi Bambo Eugene Hillman m’buku lake lomveka bwino, mitala inawunikidwanso kuti, “Mchipangano Chatsopano mulibemo lamulo lolongosola kuti mwamuna ayenera kukhala ndi mkazi mmodzi yekha, kapenanso lamulo lililonse loletsa mitala.” [53]

Komanso, Yesu sananene zotsutsa mitala, poti izi zinkachitikanso ndi Ayuda a mtundu wake. Bambo Hillman akutsindika kuti Mpingo wa ku Roma unaletsa mitala ncholinga chofuna kuti azitsatira chikhalidwe cha Agiriki a Chiroma (chomwe chimalamula mwamuna kukhala ndi mkazi mmodzi yekha, pomwe mbali ina chinaloleza kugona ndi adzakazi komanso mahule). Iye anatchula mau a Augustine Woyera oti: “Tsopano pakali pano, mogwirizana ndi mwambo wa Chiroma, sitilolanso kutenga mkazi wina.” [54]

Mipingo ndi Akhristu a ku Afrika nthawi zambiri amawakumbutsa abale awo a ku Ulaya kuti kuletsa kwa mitala si chilamulo cha m’Baibulo koma chikhalidwe chomwe sichikuchokera mu Chikhristu.

Qur’an nayonso inaloleza mitala ndipo inaika malire:

Qur’an [4: 3]:

“Ngati  mwaopa kuti simungachite chilungamo pa amasiye (opaninso kusawachitira chilungamo akazi pamitala), choncho kwatirani amene mukuwafuna mwa akazi; awiri, kapena atatu, kapena anayi (basi). Koma ngati mukuopa kuti simungathe kuchita chilungamo, (kwatirani) mmodzi basi kapena amene manja anu akumanja adapeza (mdzakazi). Kutero kudzakuchititsani kuti musapendekere (kumbali yosalungama).”

Qur’an inachepetsa chiwerengero cha akazi kukhala anayi, ndikuika lamulo lokhwima lomwe ndi kuchitira chilungamo akazi powapatsa ufulu wawo moyenera. Pamenepa sitiyenera kumva molakwika kuti Qur’an ikulamula okhulupirira kuti azichita mitala, kapena kuti mitala ndi yopambana kwambiri. Mukuyankhula kwina, Qur’an “inalaloleza” mitala basi .. koma chifukwa chiyani mitala ndiyololedwa? Yankho lake ndi losavuta: pali malo komanso nthawi zomwe zimakhala ndi zifukwa pakati pa anthu, zomwe ndizomveka kuti mitala ichitike. Monga momwe ndime ya Qur’an ija ikumvekera, nkhani ya mitala Mchisilamu singamveke pokhapokha titamayang’ana mmene ana ndi akazi amasiye amakhalira. Choncho, Chisilamu pokhala chipembedzo cha chilengedwe chonse komanso choyenera malo ndi nthawi zonse, sichikananyalanyaza mavuto amenewa.

Mmaiko ambiri, akazi ndi ochuluka kuposa amuna. Ku United States kuli akazi oposa amuna ndi pafupifupi 8 million. Pomwe dziko monga Guinea,  muli akazi 112 pa mwamuna mmodzi aliyense ndipo ku Tanzania kuli amuna okwanira 95 pa akazi 100. [55]

Kodi anthu angachite bwanji pofuna kuthetsa vuto limeneli? Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe anthu amaganiza, monga kukhala osakwatira, ndipo ena amaganiza kuti ana akazi aziphedwa akangobadwa (ichi ndi chikhalidwe chakale komanso chomwe chimachitika mmadera ena nthawi zino). Ena amaganiza kuti njira yabwino ndikungololera kuti anthu azigonana; pochita chiwerewere, kugonana kunja kwa banja, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi zina zotero. Kwa anthu ena monga aku Africa, njira yothetsera vutoli ndi kulola ukwati wa mitala kukhala wovomerezeka mu chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mfundo yomwe nthawi zambiri samaimvetsa maiko a Kuzambwe ndiyakuti amayi amitundu ina samaona kuti mitala ndi njira yowanyozetsa iwo. Mwachitsanzo, atsikana ambiri a Chikhristu ngakhale a Chisilamu, amalola kukwatiwa ndi munthu wokwatira kale, ngati ali ndi zomuyenereza kukhala mwamuna wake, ndipo amayi ambiri a mu Africa amawalimbikitsa amuna awo kutenga mkazi wachiwiri, kuti asamasungulumwe  nthawi zambiri.  [56]

Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa amayi oposa 6,000 a zaka zapakati pa 16 ndi 59 yemwe unachitika mumzinda wawukulu ku Nigeria, zinawonetsa kuti amayi 60 pa 100 aliwonse (60%) angakhale okondwa ngati amuna awo atakwatira mkazi wina. Koma amayi 23% okha ndamene anaonetsa nkwiyo pa mfundo ya kugawana mwamuna wawo ndi mkazi wina. Mu zotsatira za kafukufuku yemweyu ku Kenya, amayi 75% anavomereza kuti mitala ndi yabwino. Ndipo kafukufuku yemwe anachitika kumadera a kumidzi mdziko la Kenya, anawonetsa kuti amayi pakati pa 25% ndi 27% anawona kuti mitala ndiyabwino kuposa kukwatira mkazi mmodzi. Iwo anaona kuti mitala ikhoza kukhala yosangalatsa komanso yopindulitsa ngati akazi awiriwo atamagwirizana. [57]

Mmaiko ambiri ku Africa mitala amailemekeza moti mpaka mipingo ina yochokera mu Chikhristu inayamba kuvomereza. Bishopu wa mpingo wa Anglican ku Kenya ananena kuti, “Ngakhale kuti kukhala ndi mkazi mmodzi yekha kungakhale koyenera posonyezana chikondi pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi, mpingo uyenera kuganizira kuti mmadera ena mitala sivuto, komanso chikhulupiliro chakuti mitala ikusemphana ndi malamulo a Chikhristu sichoona.” [58]

Pambuyo pa maphunziro a mitala ku Africa, M’busa David Gitari wa mpingo wa Anglican anatsimikiza kuti mitala, monga momwe imachitikira, ndi mwambo wa Chikhristu kusiyana ndikusudzulana ndi kukwatira kachiwiri, pofuna kusamala mkazi ndi ana omwe anasiyidwa ndi mmwamuna yemwe anamwalira. [59]

Ineyo, mwandekha ndikudziŵa akazi ena a ku Africa omwe aphunzira kwambiri, koma ngakhale kuti akhala kumaiko a Kuzambwe zaka zambiri, sakuwona vuto lililonse pa mitala. Mmodzi wa iwo, amene akukhala ku ﷻ‬.S., amalimbikitsa mwamuna wake kuti amupezere mkazi wachiwiri kuti adzithandizana naye kulera ana.

Vuto la kusagwirizana kwa chiwelengero cha amuna ndi akazi kumafika povuta nthawi za nkhondo. Mitundu yachimwenye ya ku America inkavutika kwambiri ndi kusiyana kwa chiwelengeroku pambuyo pogonja kunkhondo. Amayi ochokera mmenemu omwe mmbuyomo anali kusangalala ndi mawanja awo, anayamba kulola kutengedwa pa mitala ndipo imeneyo inali njira yopambana kwa iwo pa kutuluka mmavuto omwe anali kukumana nawo pambuyo pakumwalira amuna awo kunkhondo. Anthu omwe anakhazikika ku Ulaya (Europe) adatsutsa mitala ya chimwenyeyi popanda kupereka njira ina yabwino, ndipo anaitcha kuti ndi “chikhalidwe chotsalira”. [60]

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, ku Germany kunapezeka amayi 7.3 miliyoni kuposa amuna, ndipo 3.3 miliyoni mwa iwo anali amasiye. Kunapezeka kuti pa amuna 100 a zaka zapakati pa 20 ndi 30 amalingana ndi akazi 167 kuchokera mchiwelengerochi. [61]

Aliyense mwa akaziwa, amafunikira mwamuna, osati kuti angokhala mzake chabe,  koma kuti adziwathandizira pabanja nthawi ya mavuto. Choncho asirikali a magulu ankhondo omwe ankapambana, anali kutengerapo mwayi pa amayiwo akadziwa kuti amuna awo aphedwa. Atsikana komanso amayi ena amasiye anali kupeza zibwenzi kuchokera mwa ogwira ntchito zausilikari. Ndipo asirikali ambiri a ku America ndi Britain anali kuwalipira atsikana ndi amayiwo fodya, chokoleti ndi mikate (bread) pambuyo pochita nawo zadama. Ana anali kusangalala kwambiri ndi mphatso zomwe alendowo anali kuwabweretsera. Mwana wamwamuna wazaka 10 amati akamva za mphatso zoterozo kuchokera kwa ana ena, anali kufunisitsa kuchokera mu mtima wake wonse, kuti awapereke mayi ake kwa mzungu, ncholinga choti akagona nawo ampatse mwanayo chokoleti. [62]

Tichifunse chikumbumtima chathu: kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chimalemekeza mkazi? Kukhala mkazi wachiwiri wovomerezeka komanso wolemekezeka monga momwe amwenye aja ankachitira, kapena kukhala mkazi wachiwerewere monga momwe ankachitira ena aja? Mukufunsa kwina titere: kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chimalemekeza mkazi? Qur’an kapena maphunziro ochokera mu chikhalidwe cha Ufumu wa Roma? [63]

Nzochititsa chidwi kuti pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wa achinyamata womwe unachitikira mumzinda wa Munich mchaka cha 1948, vuto la kusiyana kwa chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi ku Germany linakambidwa. Ndipo pamene zinaonekera kuti palibe njira yothetsera vutoli yomwe angagwirizane, ena ananena kuti njira yabwino ndiko kukwatira mitala. Zotsatira za msonkhanowo zidasakanikirana kusokonezeka mitu ndi kusasangalatsa pamene ena anapereka maganizo oyamikira mitala yomwe ambiri anali kudana nayo. Komabe, pambuyo pa kafukufuku wakuya potsatira maganizo aja, onse anagwirizana kuti mitala ndiyo njira yokhayo yothetsera vutoli. Pamapeto a zonse, mitala inayiika kukhala mfundo mu zotsatira zomaliza za msonkhanowo.

Dziko lapansi lerolino liri ndi zida zochuluka zowononga kuposa kale, ndipo pakhalekhale, mipingo ya ku Ulaya ikhoza kuwumirizidwa kuvomereza mitala ngati njira yokhayo yothetsera mavuto. Zimenezi ngakhale Bambo Hillman adazilingalira motere: “Ndizotheka kuti njira zowononga pogwiritsa ntchito nyukiliya, zachilengedwe komanso mankhwala zikhoza kubweretsa vuto lakusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi, ndipo kukwatira akazi angapo kungakhale njira yothetsera vutoli. Kotero, akuluakulu azachipembedzo ayenera kupereka mwamsanga zifukwa zodalirika ndi malemba a m’Baibulo kuti aikire umboni lingaliro latsopano la ukwati.” [64]

Mitala ikupitilirabe mpaka pano kukhala yankho lothandizira ku mavuto ena a pakati pa wanthu. Zolinga zololezera mitala zomwe Qur’an inanena, zikuwonekera kwambiri mmayiko ena a Kuzambwe kuposa ku Africa. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States masiku ano kuli mavuto aakulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi achikuda. Mnyamata mmodzi mwa 20 aliwonse amamwalira asanakwanitse zaka 21. Pomwe kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 20 ndi 35, kudzipha ndikumene kumachuluka.[65] Vuto lina ndi kusowa kwa ntchito pakati pa amuna achikuda, ena amakhala kundende kapena kupenga ndi makhwala ozunguza bongo. [66]

Mapeto ake, mmodzi mwa akazi anayi achikuda a zaka 40 amapezeka kuti sanakwatiwepo, poyerekeza ndi mmodzi mwa akazi khumi. [67] Komanso, atsikana ambiri achikuda amayamba kukhala amayi osakwatiwa asanakwanitse zaka 20, ndikumakhala osowa chithandizo. Mapeto enieni a mavuto onsewa ndi oti chiwerengero chochuluka cha akazi achikuda amapezeka akulowa mchikhalidwe chotchedwa ‘man-sharing’ (kugawana mwamuna).[68] Izi zikutanthauza kuti ambiri mwa akazi osaukawa amangogonana ndi amuna okwatira, ndipo azikazi awo samadziwa kuti akusinthana mwamuna wawo ndi akazi ena. Akatswiri ena omwe amaona izi zikuchitika pakati pa anthu akuda ku America, akulimbikitsa kuti mitala yovomerezeka ikhale njira yongogwirizira kaye pa vuto la kuchepa kwa amuna, mpaka pamene zinthu zidzasinthe pakati pa anthu aku Americako. [69]

Kunena kuti mitala yovomerezeka, akutanthauza mitala yomwe imaloledwa ndi anthu komanso omwe akuchita mitalawo (mwamuna ndi mkazi), agwirizana. Zimenezi zikusiyana ndi  ‘mansharing’ zomwe zimaipitsa mkazi ndi anthu onse. Vuto la ‘mansharing’ pakati pa anthu achikuda ku America, linali mutu wofunikira kwambiri pa zokambirana zomwe zinachitika ku Temple University ku Philadelphia pa January 27, 1993. [70]

Ena mwa oyankhulawo analimbikitsa zoti mitala ikhale njira yothetsera vutoli. Ananenanso kuti mitala sikuyenera kuletsedwa, makamaka pakati pa anthu omwe amalola za uhule. Kuchokera mu ndemanga ya mmodzi mwa amayi omvera, anati anthu achikuda a ku America akuyenera kutengera chitsanzo ku Africa komwe mitala imachitika moyenera, ndipo zimachititsa kuti anthu aziitamanda mokondwera.

Philip Kilbride, Anthlopologist wa Roman Catholic ku America, m’buku lake lotchedwa: Plural Marriage in Our Time anapereka maganizo kuti mitala ingakhale njira yothetsera mavuto ena pakati pa anthu ku America, ndipo ananenetsa kuti mitala ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino kuposa chisudzulo pofuna kuthetsa zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimagwera ana amasiye chifukwa cha kusudzulana. Iye anati zisudzulo zambiri zimachitika kamba kazibwenzi zomwe zimachitika kunja kwa banja. Malinga ndi Kilbride, kuthetsa mchitidwe wa zibwenzi pokwatira mitala kulibwino kusiyana ndi kusudzulana, ndipo ubwino waukulu umabwelera kwa ana, “Ana amasamalika bwino ngati mikangano ya m’banja ingakhale yochepa.” Komanso iye anawonjezera kuti magulu ena a anthu akhoza kupindula ndi mitala monga: amayi achikulire omwe akukumana ndi vuto la kusoŵa kwa amuna, komanso amayi achikuda omwe amachita mchitidwe wa man-sharing (kusinthana amuna apabanja). [71]

Mu 1987, nyuzipepala ya ophunzira pa yunivesite ya California ku Berkeley idafunsa ophunzira kuti avote pa kuvomereza kapena kutsutsa zoti boma lilole amuna kuti azikhala ndi akazi angapo malinga ndi kuchepa kwa chiwelengero cha amuna mu California. Pafupifupi ophunzira onse omwe anafunsidwa anagwirizana nazo. Ndipo ophunzira mmodzi wamkazi anaonjezera kuti banja lamitala lingakwaniritse zofuna zake zamaganizo ndi zakuthupi pamene akumpatsa ufulu wokwanira, kusiyana ndi banja la mkazi mmodzi. [72]

Mfundo yomweyi ikugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi amayi a chi Mormon omwe akupitiriza mawanja a mitala ku US. Amakhulupilira kuti mitala ndiyo njira yabwino kuti mkazi athe kugwira ntchito ndikusamalira ana, poti amakhala akuthandizana posamalira anawo. [73]

Tikuyenera kudziwa kuti mitala Mchisilamu imatheka pakugwirizana, palibe yemwe angamukakamize mkazi kuti akwatiwe ndi mwamuna wokwatira kale. [74]

Koma Baibulo, nthawi zina limakakamiza mkazi kukwatiwa pa mitala. Mkazi wamasiye ayenera kukwatiwa ndi mchimwene wa mwamuna wake, ngakhale atakhala kuti ali ndi mkazi wina (onani “Mavuto a Akazi Amasiye”), mosasamala za kulola kapena kukana kwake (Genesis 38: 8-10). Ndiye tidziwenso kuti mmaiko ambiri a Chisilamu lero lino mitala ndiyochepa poti mpata wa kusiyana kwa pakati pa chiwelengero cha amuna ndi akazi ndi wochepa. Ndipo munthu akhoza kunena kuti chiwelengero cha mitala mmaiko a Chisilamu ndi chochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi chiwelengero cha zibwenzi mmaiko a Kuzambwe. Mukuyankhula kwina, amuna a mmaiko a Chisilamu masiku ano ndi osamalitsa kwambiri kuposa amuna a Kuzambwe. [75]

Billy Graham, mlaliki wamkulu wa Chikhristu, ananena kuti: “Chikhristu sichingamvetsetse mitala, ndipo ngati Chikhristu chalero sichingakwanitse kutero, ndiye kuti chikudziononga chokha. Chisilamu chidalola mitala ngati njira yothetsera mavuto pakati pa anthu, ndipo chidaika malamulo oti athu aziyendera pa chikhalidwe cha mitala. Mayiko a Chikristu amaonetsera kuti akuchita za kukwatira mkazi mmodzi yekha, pomwe kwenikweni sakutero. Palibe yemwe sadziwa zomwe akazi achibwenzi amachita ku maiko a Kuzambwe. Chisilamu ndi Chipembedzo cha chilungamo ndipo chimalola Msilamu kukwatira mkazi wachiwiri ngati akuyenera kutero, koma chimaletsa mikumano yachinsinsi pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe sali pabanja, kuti ateteze khalidwe la anthu”.

Nzodabwitsa kuona kuti maiko ena oti siaChisilamu ngakhalenso ena a Chisilamu, anachotsa lamulo la mitala, ponena kuti kutenga mkazi wachiwiri ngakhale ndi chilolezo cha mkazi woyamba, ndiko kuphwanya lamulo. Ndipo mbali ina, kuchita chinyengo mkazi kuli kovomerezeka mokwanira malinga ndi lamulo! Kodi pali nzeru yanji pa kudzitsutsa kwa malamulo koteroko? Kodi lamulo linakonzedwa ncholinga cholipira zachinyengo ndikulanga chilungamo? Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zosamvetsetseka mudziko lathu lotukukali..

***

  HIJAAB

Pomaliza, tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimawonekera poyera kumaiko a Kuzambwe kuti ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha kuponderezedwa kwa akazi; chophimba kapena chivindikiro cha mutu. Kodi ndi zoona kuti mu Chiyuda ndi mu Chikhristu mulibe lamulo la kuziphimba kwa amayi? Kuti tiyankhe funsoli  momveka bwinobwino, tione kuchokera kwa Rabbi Dr. Menachem M. Brayer (Pulofesa wa Biblical Literature ku Yeshiva University), zomwe analemba m’buku lake, The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature: “Chinali chizolowezi cha amayi a Chiyuda potuluka kupita kuchigulu cha anthu, kuphimba kumutu, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale nkhope yonse kusiya diso limodzi lokha.” [76]

Iye ananenanso mawu ena ochokera kwa ma Rabbi akale kuti: “Sizoyenera kuti ana a Israel aziyenda panja mitu yosaphimba” ndipo “ali wotembeleredwa munthu amene amalora kuti tsitsi la mkazi wake lidziwonekera... mkazi amene amawonetsa tsitsi lake ndikudzikongoletsa, amabweretsa umphaŵi.” Lamulo la a Rabbi limaletsa kuchita mapemphero kapena kuwerenga mawu olemekezeka pamaso pa mkazi wokwatiwa yemwe sanaphimbe mutu wake, chifukwa kusaphimba mmutu kwa mkazi ndi “umaliseche”. [77]

Dr. Brayer ananenanso kuti “Mu nthawi ya Tannaitic, kusavala mmutu kwa mkazi wa Chiyuda kunali kutsutsana ndi kudzichepetsa kwake, ndipo ngati angapezeke kuti sanaphimbe mmutu, amalipiritsidwa 400 Zuzim”. Dr. Brayer akufotokozanso kuti chophimba cha mkazi wa Chiyuda sichinali nthawi zonse ngati chizindikiro cha kudzichepetsa, koma nthawi zina chimayimira kusiyanitsa pakati pa ovala zapamwamba komanso otchuka, osati kudzichepetsa monga mwanthawi zonse. Chophimba chimabweretsa kulemekezeka kwa mkazi. Komanso chimaimira kuthekera kwa mkazi pokhala katundu wolemekezeka wa mwamuna wake. [78]

Chophimbachi chimathandiza kulemekezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha mkazi. Akazi apansi nthawi zambiri ankavala chophimba kuti apereke chithunzithunzi cha mtengo wapatali kwa ena. Mfundo yonena kuti chophimba chinali chizindikiro cha ulemu, ikukwanira kukhala yoona poti mahule sankaloledwa kuphimba tsitsi lawo, kuti adziwaona zodzikongoletsera zawo mosavuta. Komabe, iwo ankavala chovala china chake chamtengo wapatali kuti azioneka olemekezeka.[79]

Akazi a Chiyuda ku Ulaya anapitiriza kuvala zophimba mpaka zaka za mma 19th century, pamene miyoyo yawo inasokonezeka kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mdziko. Choncho akazi ambiri anayamba kukakamizika ndi chikhalidwecho nkuyamba kuyenda osaphimba. Azimayi ena a Chiyuda ataona kuti kwa iwo ndizovuta kuphimba kumutu, anabweretsa veil yawo ya mtundu wina yowoneka ngati - wig.. Lero lino, akazi a Chiyuda ambiri opembedza saphimba tsitsi lawo kupatula m’sunagoge.[80] Pomwe ena a iwo, monga magulu a Hasidic, amagwiritsabe ntchito wig.

Kodi nanga miyambo ya Chikhristu ili pati pankhaniyi? Ndi zodziwika bwino lomwe kuti masisiteli a chi Katolika akhala akuphimba mitu yawo kwa zaka zambiri, komatu sizomwezo; Paulo Woyera mu Chipangano Chatsopano anayankhula mawu osangalatsa kwambiri pa chophimba:

“Koma ndikufuna mudziwe kuti mutu wa mwamuna aliyense ndi Khristu. Mutu wa mkazi ndi mwamuna,  ndipo mutu wa Khristu ndiye Mulungu. Mwamuna aliyense amene akupemphera kapena kunenera atavala chinachake kumutu akuchititsa manyazi mutu wake, koma mkazi aliyense amene akupemphera kapena kunenera osavala kanthu kumutu akuchititsa manyazi mutu wake, popeza nchimodzimodzi ndi kumeta mpala. Ngati mkazi savala kanthu kumutu, amete mpala, koma ngati zili zochititsa manyazi kuti mkazi amete kwambiri tsitsi lake kapena amete mpala, azivala chakumutu. Mwamuna sayenera kuphimba kumutu kwake, popeza iye ndi chifaniziro ndi ulemerero wa Mulungu, koma mkazi ndi ulemerero wa mwamuna. Pakuti mwamuna sanachokere kwa mkazi, koma mkazi kwa mwamuna, ndiponso mwamuna sanalengedwere mkazi, koma mkazi analengedwera mwamuna. Ndiye chifukwa chake mkazi ayenera kukhala ndi chizindikiro cha ulamuliro kumutu kwake chifukwa cha Angelo.” (1 Akorinto 11:3-10).

Paulo Woyera analembera zokhuza akazi ophimba kuti chophimba chimayimira chizindikiro ulamuliro wa munthu yemwe ndi chithunzithunzi ndi ulemelero wa Mulungu, pa mkazi yemwe analengedwa kuchokera kwa munthu.

Pa mitu ya zolemba za Tertullian Woyera yotchedwa ‘On The Veiling Of Virgins’ (Kudziphimba kwa Anamwali), analemba kuti, “Asungwana inu, mumavalira zophimba zanu mmisewu, kotero muyenera kuvalanso mu tchalitchi; mumavala pamene muli pakati pa alendo, choncho muzivalanso pakati pa abale anu ...” [81]

Mmalamulo a Canon mu mpingo wa Katolika lero lino, muli lamulo lomwe limafuna amayi kuti aziphimba mitu yawo mu tchalitchi. [82] Mipingo ina ya Chikhristu, monga Amish ndi Amennoni, mwachitsanzo, amawaphimba akazi awo mpaka lerolino. Malinga ndi atsogoleri awo a tchalitchi, cholinga cha chophimbachi ndi chakuti: “Chophimba kumutu ndi chizindikiro cha kugonjera kwa mkazi kwa mwamuna wake ndi Mulungu”, chomwe chikufanana ndi lingaliro lomwe linalembedwa ndi Paulo Woyera mu Chipangano Chatsopano. [83]

Kuchokera mmaumboni onsewa, zikuwonekeratu kuti

Chisilamu sichinapeke chophimba (hijaab), koma kuti chinalimbikitsa ndikuchichita kukhala lamulo. Qur’an imalamula amuna ndi akazi okhulupilira kuti azyolike maso awo ndikusamalira umaliseche wawo, kenako chikuwalimbikitsa amayi okhulupilira kuti afikitse zophimba mmutu mukhosi mpaka pachifuwa:

Qur’an [24: 30-31]:

“Auze Asilamu achimuna kuti azyolitse maso awo (asayang’ane zoletsedwa), ndipo asunge umaliseche wawo. Ichi nchoyera kwambiri kwa iwo. Ndithu, Mulungu akudziwa nkhani za zonse zomwe achita. Ndipo auze Asilamu achikazi kuti azyolitse maso awo, ndikusunga umaliseche wawo, ndipo asaonetse (poyera) zomwe amazikongoletsa nazo kupatula zimene zaonekera poyera (popanda cholinga chotero). Ndipo afunde kumutu mipango yawo mpaka mzifuwa zawo…”.

Qur’an yawonetsa poyera kuti hijab ndiyofunikira chifukwa imamusungira ulemu mkazi, koma nchifukwa chiyani kusungira ulemu mkazi kuli kofunikira? Qur’an yalongosolanso momveka bwino:

Qur’an [33: 59]:

“ E, iwe Mneneri! Uza akazi ako, ndi ana ako aakazi, ndi akazi a Asilamu, kuti adziphimbe ndi nsalu zawo (akamatuluka mnyumba), kutero kuchititsa kuti adziwike, asazunzidwe (ndi anthu achipongwe). Ndipo Mulungu Ngokhululuka kwambiri Ngwachisoni.”.

Chimenecho ndicho cholinga chake; kudzichepetsa pamaso pa Mulungu ndikudzipatsa ulemu, zimateteza akazi kuti asachitidwe chipongwe. Choncho, cholinga chachikulu cha hijab Mchisilamu ndiko kudziteteza. Tidziwe kuti, hijab ya Chisilamu ndiyosiyana ndi hijab ya Chikhristu chifukwa choti ya Chisilamu cholinga chake si kusonyeza umwini wa mwamuna pa mkazi wake, kapena kusonyeza kugonjera kwa mkazi kwa mwamuna wake. Komanso, hijab ya Chisilamu ndiyosiyana ndi ya Chiyuda chifukwa ya Chisilamu sikusonyeza ulemelero pa zovala za mtengo wapatali kapena kutchuka pakati pa amayi.

Cholinga cha hijab ya Chisilamu ndicho kudzilemekeza, kugonjera Mulungu komanso kudziteteza kwa amuna. Chikhulupiliro cha Chisilamu ndichoti nthawi zonse ndibwino kukhala otetezeka kuti zoipa zisakugwere. Qur’an ili yokhudzidwa kwambiri pa kuteteza matupi a amayi ndi chikhalidwe chawo, kotero kuti amuna omwe anganamizire mkazi mopanda chilungamo ayenera kulangidwa koopsa:

Qur’an [24: 4]:

“Ndipo amene akunamizira akazi odziteteza (powanamizira kuti achita chiwerewere), ndipo osabwera nazo mboni zinayi, akwapuleni zikoti 80; ndiponso musauvomereze umboni wawo mpaka kalekale. Iwo ngotuluka mchilamulo cha Mulungu.”

Tayesani kufananitsa chilango ichi ndi chilango cha kugwililira m’Baibulo:

“Mwamuna akapeza ndi kugwira mtsikana, namwali wosalonjezedwa kukwatiwa, nkugona naye ndipo onsewo agwidwa, mwamunayo azipereka masekeli 50 asiliva kwa bambo a mtsikanayo, ndipo akhale mkazi wake chifukwa chakuti wamunyazitsa. Sadzaloledwa kumusiya ukwati masiku onse a moyo wake. ”Pasapezeke mwamuna aliyense wotenga mkazi wa bambo ake kuopera kuti angavule bambo akewo.” (Deut. 22: 28-30) Tidzifunse pamenepa kuti kodi mwa awiriwa; msungwana wogwiliridwa ndi mwamuna wogwililira, ndani yemwe akulangwidwa? Mwamuna yemwe wangolamulidwa kupereka chindapusa, kapena msungwana yemwe wakakamizidwa kukwatiwa ndi mwamuna yemwe wamugwilirira ndikukhala naye mpaka atamwalira? Funso linanso ndiloti: ndi chiyani chomwe chimateteza kwambiri amayi pakati pa Qur’an ndi Baibulo? Anthu ena, makamaka Kuzambwe, akhoza kunyoza mfundo ya kudzichepetsa kuti atetezedwe. Iwo yankho la kutsutsa kwawo amati kumuteteza mkazi komwe kuli kwabwino ndiko kudzera mmaphunziro, chikhalidwe chotukuka ndi kudziletsa. Pamenepo titha kunena kuti chabwino, koma sizikukwanira kukhala chitetezo cha zomwe akudzitetezazo. Ngati ‘chitukuko’ chili chitetezo chokwanira, nanga bwanji amayi aku North America samayerekeza kuyenda okha mumsewu wamdima – ngakhalenso mmalo opanda galimoto? Ngati maphunziro chabe ali njira yopambana yothetsera mavutowa, nchifukwa chiyani yunivesite yolemekezeka ngati ya Queen’s ili ndi dongosolo la ‘kuperekeza kunyumba’ ophunzira achikazi? Ngati kudziletsa chabe kuli njira yothetsera vutoli, ndichifukwa chiyani milandu yochitira chipongwe amayi mmalo antchito imalengezedwa tsiku ndi tsiku mma wailesi? Zitsanzo za omwe aimbidwa mlandu wa zakugonana zaka zochepa zapitazi, ndi monga: Akuluakulu a asilikali, Akuluakulu a malo a ntchito, ophunzitsa ku university, nduna za boma, akuluakulu a makhoti akuluakulu, ngakhalenso pulezindent wa United States! Sindinakhulupilire maso angawa pamene ndimawerenga kafukufuku ameneyu mu chikalata cholembedewa ndi Mphunzitsi wamkulu mu Ofesi yaku Queen’s University:

Ku Canada, amayi amachitiridwa chipongwe ndi chiwerewere pa mphindi 6 zilizonse, mayi mmodzi mwa atatu aliwonse ku Canada amakhala akugwiliridwa , ndipo mmodzi mwa anayi aliwonse amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kugwiliridwa kapena kuyesera kugwiliridwa. Mmodzi mwa 8 aliwonse amatha kugwiliridwa panthawi yomwe ali ku university. Kafukufuku wapeza kuti 60% ya amuna a mma university ku Canada, amachita za chiwerewere mowumiriza atsikana.

China chake ndithu chikulakwika  pakati pathu mmoyo womwe tikukhalawu. Kusintha kwakukulu pa chikhalidwe cha anthu kukufunika kwambiri; kuvala modzilemekeza, kuyankhula komanso chikhalidwe pakati pa amuna ndi akazi chikhale chabwino. Kupanda kutero, zotsatira zizipezeka kuti chikhalidwe choipa chikunkera mtsogolo tsiku ndi tsiku, koma mwatsoka amayi okha ndi amene amakhala akulipira ndi kulangidwa. Ndi zoonadi kuti tonsefe tikuvutika, koma pali kusiyana, malinga ndi kuyankhula kwa Khalil Gibran “... munthu yemwe amalandira zibakhera sali ngati yemwe akuwerenga zibakherazo.” [84]

Choncho, anthu monga a ku France omwe amathamangitsa amayi achichepere mmasukulu chifukwa chovala mwaulemu, akudzivulaza okha.  Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazovuta zamdziko lathuli masiku ano, pamene tikuona kuti mpango wakumutu womwewu umalemekezedwa ndipo umatengedwa kuti ndi chizindikiro cha ‘chiyero’ ukavalidwa ndi a Katolika ndicholinga chofuna kukwaniritsa umwini wa mwamuna, pomwe kuvalidwa ndi Msilamu umasonyeza ‘kupondereza’ osati kuteteza ndi kulemekeza.

***

  MATHERO

Pambuyo pa kuwerenga zolembedwa zoyambilira zokhuza amayi, anthu omwe sali Asilamu akhoza kukhala ndi funso lofanana loti: Kodi akazi a Chisilamu lero lino akutengedwa malinga momwe zalembedwera mu bukumu? Yankho lake ndiloti: Ayi. Koma popeza funso ili sililephera kufunsidwa pa zokambirana za amayi mu Chisilamu, tiyenera kufotokoza momveka bwinobwino.

Choyamba, ziyenera kumveka bwino kuti kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kuli pakati pa Asilamu kumachititsa kuti zambiri zikhale zophweka. Masiku ano kuli malingaliro osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, okhuza amayi, malinga ndi kusiyana kwa maiko, omwe amasiyana pakati pa gulu lina ndi linzake. Komabe, zizoloŵezi zina zonse ndizodziwika. Pafupifupi mafuko onse a Asilamu padziko, ali ndi mbali yomwe adapatukira ku ziphunzitso za Chisilamu zokhuza akazi. Kupatuka kumeneku kumakhala kolowera ku imodzi mwa njira ziwiri zosemphana; njira yoyamba imakhala yosakanikirana ndikupendekera kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha makolo, pomwe njira yachiwiri imakhala yosakanikirana ndikupendekera kwambiri ku zikhalidwe za Kuzambwe.

Anthu omwe amakopeka ndi njira yoyamba ija, amawatenga akazi motsatira chikhalidwe komanso miyambo yomwe amatengera kuchokera kwa agogo awo. Miyambo ndi zikhalidwe zimenezi kawirikawiri zimaletsa akazi maufulu awo ochuluka omwe Chisilamu chinawapatsa. Kuphatikizanso pamenepo, akazi amatengedwa mosiyana kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi amuna. Tsankho limeneli limapita kwa mkazi wina aliyense:

-          amalandiridwa ndi chisangalalo chochepa akamabadwa, kusiyana ndi mwana wamwamuna;

-          zimakhala zovuta kuti apite ku sukulu;

-          akhoza kumanidwa ufulu wopata cholowa kuchokera kwa makolo ake;

-          amakhala akuyang’aniridwa mosamalitsa kwambiri kuti asachite chinthu choipa, pomwe zochita zoipa za mchimwene wake amazilekelera;

-          akhozanso kuphedwa chifukwa chochita choipa chomwe mwana wa’mbanja lomwelo amachita modzitama nacho;

-          alibe ufulu wokamba pa zochitika za pabanja kapena zochitika za m’deralo;

-          iye sangakhale ndi ulamuliro wonse pa chuma chake ngakhale mphatso zake za ukwati;

-          ndipo potsiriza, monga mayi, nayenso angakonde kubala anyamata okhaokha kuti athe kukhala ndi ulemelero m’deralo.

Komatu pali magulu ena a Chisilamu omwe asunthidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha Kuzambwe komanso makhalidwe a moyo wawo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa choti magulu a Chisilamu oterewa amakhala akungotengera chilichonse chomwe angalandire kuchokera Kuzambwe, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatengera zotsatira zoipa za chitukuko cha Kuzambwe, nkumati akukhala motukuka. M’madera amenewa tipeza kuti chinthu chomwe “mkazi” wa Chisilamu “wamakono” amachiona kufunikira mmoyo mwake ndiko kutukuka pa kukongoletsa thupi lake basi. Choncho, nthawi zambiri amakhala otangwanika ndi mawonekedwe a thupi lake, kukula ndi kulemera kwake. Nthawi zonse amakhala akusamalira kwambiri thupi lake kuposa maganizidwe, komanso amakhala akusamalira kukongola kwake kuposa nzeru zake. Amakwanitsa kuzikongoletsa, kudzipanga kukhala wachikoka pakati pa anthu ngakhale atakhala wopanda nzeru zilizonse mmutu, wosaphunzira. Alibe malingaliro a phindu pa maphunziro kapena tsogolo. Pokhala mayi wa Chisilamu, simungapeze Qur’an mkati mwa chikwama chake cha mmanja, poti nthawi zonse chimakhala chodzadza ndi zodzoladzola zomwe amayenda nazo kulikonse komwe akupita. Umoyo wake wauzimu ulibe malo pakati pa anthu chifukwa cha kutangwanika ndi kukongola kwake. Nchifukwa chake, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya moyo wake wonse pa kusamalira ukazi wake, kuposa kukwaniritsa umunthu wake.

Ndi chifukwa chiyani Asilamu ena adasemphana ndi ziphunzitso za Chisilamu? Yankho lake ndilovutirapo; Kusanthula kwakukulu kwa zifukwa zomwe Asilamu sanatsatire chiphunzitso cha Qur’an chokhudza akazi, kukhala kwakukulu kuposa phunziro lathuli. Tikuyenera kudziwa kuti Asilamu ena anasokonekera pa malamulo a Chisilamu okhudza mbali zambiri za moyo wawo kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zomwe Asilamu akuyenera kukhulupilira ndi zomwe akuchita. Kusiyana kumeneku sikunachitike posachedwapa, koma kunayamba kalekale ndipo kwakhala kukukulirakulira tsiku ndi tsiku. Zotsatira za kufutukuka kumeneku ndi zoopsa kwambiri Mchisilamu, poti zakhala zikuwonetsedwa pafupifupi mbali zonse za moyo wa Msilamu monga: kuponderezana pa ndale ndi kugawikana, kubwelera mbuyo pa zachuma, kupanda chilungamo pakati pa anthu, kusokonezeka kwa maphunziro, kuwonongeka kwa nzeru, ndi zina zotero. Chikhalidwe cha chikunja chomwe chili pakati pa amayi a Chisilamu lero lino ndi chizindikiro chabe cha matenda aakulu. Ndipo kusintha kulikonse komwe kukufunikira pakati pa amayi a Chisilamu sikungakhale kwaphindu pokhapokha kutapezeka kusintha kokwanira munjira zonse za umoyo wawo. Chisilamu chikusowekera kusintha kwamphamvu komwe kungadzawandikitse anthu ku chiphunzitso cha Chisilamu. Maganizo oti kunyozeka kwa amayi a Chisilamu ndi chifukwa cha malamulo a Chisilamu, ndi maganizo olakwika kwambiri. Dziwani kuti palibe vuto lomwe Asilamu akukumana nalo chifukwa cha kugwiritsa kwambiri malamulo a Chisilamu, koma kuti ndi zotsatira za kusatsatira malamulowo.

Zikuyenera kumvekanso bwino kuti cholinga cha kafukufuku ameneyu si kunyoza Chiyuda kapena Chikhristu. Malo a amayi mu Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu akhoza kukhala owopsya tikayerekeza ndi kumapeto kwa zaka za 20th century. Ngakhale zili choncho, ziyenera kuwonedwa m’mbiri yoyenera. Mukuyankhula kwina, kafukufuku aliyense yemwe angachitike wa amayi mu chikhalidwe cha Chiyuda ndi  Chikhristu, akuyenera kulingalira za mbiri ya kale yomwe mwambo umenewu unayambira. Sitikukayikira kuti maganizo a ma Rabbi ndi Abambo Mfumu a tchalitchi okhuzana ndi amayi, atengedwa kuchokera mmalingaliro omwe anafala m’madera awo. Tikaonetsetsa Baibulo lenilenilo, tipeza kuti linalembedwa ndi alembi osiyanasiyana mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Alembi amenewo, zolemba zawo zinali kuchokera mu chidwi chawo pa makhalidwe ndi njira za moyo wa anthu oyandikana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a chigololo Mchipangano Chakale anapondereza amayi kwambiri kotero kuti ndi osatheka kuwalongosola momveka malinga ndi nzeru zathuzi. Komabe, tikaonetsetsa, tipezanso kuti mafuko oyambilira a Chiyuda anali otengeka kwambiri ndi mabadwidwe awo, komanso anali kufunitsitsa kukhala odziwika kuposa mafuko ena oyandikana nawo, ndipo, chikhalidwe choipa cha kugonana chomwe chingachitike ndi amayi okwatiwa, chinali chiopsezo ku zikhumbo zawo zosangalatsazo.  Tikutha kumvetsetsa zifukwa zomwe zimachititsa kusokonezeka kwa malamuloku. Komanso, nkhanza ya Abambo Mfumu a tchalitchi kwa amayi sikuyenera kuchotsedwa mu chikhalidwe cha Chigiriki ndi Chiroma kumene amakhala. Sichikhala chilungamo kuyesa mbiri ya Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu popanda kutenga zochitika zonse za mbiri yomwe ikulumikizana ndi iwo.

Ndipotu, kumvetsetsa bwino pa zochitika za Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa zitichititsa kudziwa kufunikira kwa Chisilamu pa mbiri yakale ya dziko ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Chikhalidwe cha Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu chinatengedwa kuchokera mu zochitika ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zinalipo kale. Pofika m’zaka za mma 7th century, zimenezi zinasokoneza uthenga wauzimu wa pachiyambi womwe unavumbulutsidwa kwa Mose ndi Yesu. Kunyozeka kwa amayi mu Chiyuda ndi mu Chikhristu mu 7th century, ndi chimodzi mwa zomwe zinasokonezedwa mu uthengawu. Nchifukwa chake padadza uthenga wina wauzimu, wawukulu, womwe udadza kudzawongolera anthu kubwelera mu njira yolungama.

Qur’an ikufotokoza ntchito ya Mtumiki watsopano monga kumasulidwa kwa Ayuda ndi Akhristu ku zolemetsa zawo zomwe adazichitira:

Qur’an [7: 157]:

“Omwe akutsata Mtumiki, Mneneri wosatha kuwerenga ndi kulemba. (Ngakhale ali choncho, akuphunzitsa zophunzitsa zodabwitsa); yemwe akumpeza atalembedwa kwa iwo m’Buku la Taurat ndi Injili, akuwalamula zabwino ndi kuwaletsa zoipa, ndi kuwaloleza zabwino ndi kuwaletsa zodetsedwa (zoipa); ndi kuwatula mitolo yawo ndi magoli omwe adali paiwo (malamulo ovuta kuwatsata)…”

Choncho,  Chisilamu    asachione ngati chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi Chiyuda kapena Chikhristu, koma achione ngati chipembedzo chomwe chikutsirizitsa, kukwaniritsa, ndi kubweretsa ungwiro wa muthenga wauzimu omwe udavumbulutsidwa kale.

Pamapeto pa phunziroli, ndikufuna kupereka malangizo awa kwa Asilamu onse:

Amayi ambiri a Chisilamu akhala akuwamana ufulu wawo wa Chisilamu kwa nthawi yayitali.

Zolakwika zakale ziyenera kukonzedwa. Kuchita zimenezo sikukondera, koma ndi udindo waukulu kwa Asilamu onse.

Maiko onse a Chisilamu akuyenera kuika malamulo a ufulu wa amayi a Chisilamu kupyolera mmalangizo a Qur’an ndi chiphunzitso cha Mtumiki Muhammad salla Allah alaih wasallam.

Malamulo amenewa ayenera kubwezera amayi a Chisilamu ufulu wonse womwe adapatsidwa ndi Mlengi wawo. Kenako, njira zonse zofunikira ziyenera kukonzedwa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yokhazikika ndi yotsimikizika bwino. Chikhazikitso chimenechi ndi chakale ndipo chikuchitika mochedwa, komabe ndibwino mochedwa momwemo kusiyana ndi kusachita. Ngati Asilamu padziko lapansi sadzatsimikiziranso ufulu wa amayi awo, akazi awo, alongo awo ndi ana awo aakazi, kodi pali ena omwe adzachite zimenezo?

Kuwonjezera apo, tiyenera kukhala olimba mtima pothetsa zakale ndi kukana miyambo ndi zikhalidwe za makolo athu akale, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi malamulo a Chisilamu. Kodi Qur’an sinadzudzule a Arabu achikunja chifukwa chotsatira miyambo ya makolo awo mwaumbuli? Mbali ina, tikuyenera kukhala olimba pa chilichonse chimene timalandira kuchokera Kuzambwe, kapena ku chikhalidwe china chilichonse. Kuyanjana komanso kuphunzira kuchokera mzikhalidwe zina ndizofunika kwambiri.

Qur’an yatsimikizira kuti kugwirizana uku ndi chimodzi mwa zolinga za chilengedwe:

Qur’an [49: 13]:

“E, inu anthu! Tidakulengani (nonse) kuchokera kwa mwamuna (mmodzi; Adamu) ndi mkazi (mmodzi; Hawaa), ndipo tidakuchitani kukhala a mitundu ndi mafuko (osiyanasiyana) kuti mudziwane (basi).” Komabe, kutsatira kwaumbuli kwa ena omwe amatsatira, ndi chizindikiro chodziwikiratu kuti akusowekera kudzidalira kwathunthu.

Mawu omalizawa, akupita kwa Atsogoleri achikunja omwe sali Asilamu, kaya Achiyuda, Achikhristu kapena ena onse. Ndizododometsa kuti nchifukwa chiyani chipembedzo chomwe chinasintha kakhalidwe ka amayi lero lino akuchinena kuti ndi chopondereza amayi? Maganizo amenewa ndi chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso zowonjezera zabodza kwambiri zomwe zafala lero lino. Komanso, bodza limeneli akulipitiliza mopanda malire kudzera mmabuku olembedwa mochititsa chidwi, zolemba zachidule, zithunzi komanso mafilimu a Hollywood. Zotsatira zosavomerezeka za zithunzi zosayenerazi zakhala zikubweretsa kusamvetsetsana kwathunthu ndi mantha pa chilichonse chokhuza Chisilamu. Choncho tithetse tsankho, ndikusamvesetsana; kupereka chithunzithunzi cholakwika cha Chisilamu ndiponso kufalitsa nkhani zabodza. Omwe sali Asilamu ayenera kuzindikira kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zikhulupiliro ndi zikhalidwe za Asilamu, komanso kuti zochita za Asilamu sizikuimira Chisilamu. Kuchichita chikhalidwe cha akazi a Chisilamu lero lino kuti ndi “Chisilamu”, ndi kutalitali ndi Chisilamu monga mmene ziliri kuwachita  akazi a Kuzambwe kuti akuchita za “Chiyuda kapena Chikhristu”. Kuchokera pa kumvesetsa kumeneku, Asilamu ndi omwe sali Asilamu akuyenera kuyamba kugwirizana pokambirana kuti achotse kumvetsetsa kolakwika, kukaikira komanso kuopa komwe kulipo pakati pa Asilamu, Ayuda ndi Akhristu. Tsogolo lamtendere laumunthu lomwe lingachititse kuti kukambirana koteroko kutheke.

Chisilamu achione kuti ndi chipembedzo chomwe chinasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha amayi ndipo chinawapatsa ufulu wochuluka womwe dziko lerolino lazindikira posachedwapa. Chisilamu chili ndi zambiri zomwe chikuyenera kupereka kwa mayi wa lero; ulemu, ndi chitetezo kumbali zonse komanso mmagawo onse a moyo wake, kuchokera pa kubadwa mpaka imfa, kuphatikizapo kuzindikira kufunika kwake, kufananitsa kufunika kwa ufulu wake ndi ena onse, ndi njira zomukwaniritsira uzimu wake, luntha, zosowa zakuthupi ndi nzeru. Sizodabwitsa kuwona kuti ambiri mwa omwe amasankha kulandira Chisilamu m’dziko la Britain ndi amayi. Komanso amayi ku ﷻ‬.S. ochuluka amachilandira Chisilamu kuposa amuna, moti amapezeka amayi anayi olowa Chisilamu pomwe mwamuna ndi mmodzi [4: 1]. [85]

Chisilamu chili ndi zambiri zomwe chingapereke ku dziko lathu, koma anthu akusaukira kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi utsogoleri. Ambassador Herman Eilts, pamene anali kuikira umboni pamaso pa komiti yowona zakunja, ku Nyumba ya Oimira a United States Congress (Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives of the United States Congress), pa June 24, 1985, adati, “Asilamu padziko lonse lapansi ali pafupifupi 1 bilioni. Ndi chiwelengero chochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Komatu chomwe chikundichitisa chidwi kuwonjezera pamenepo ndi choti Chisilamu lero lino ndi Chipembedzo cha Umodzi wa Mulungu chomwe chikukula mofulumira. Zimenezi ndizofunika kuziganizira. Pali china chake ndithu chomwe ndicholondola Mchisilamu.”

Zoonadi, Chisilamu ndi cholondola ndipo yakwana nthawi yoti mufufuze. Ndili ndi chiyembekezo kuti phunziro ili ndi gawo loyamba pakufufuza kwanu.

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  KAFUKUFUKU

1.      The Globe and Mail, Oct. 4, 1994.

2.      Leonard J. Swidler, Women in Judaism: the Status of Women in Formative Judaism (Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press, 1976) p. 115.

3.      Thena Kendath, “Memories of an Orthodox youth” in Susannah Heschel, ed. On being a Jewish Feminist (New York: Schocken Books, 1983), pp. 96-97.

4.      Swidler, op. cit., pp. 80-81.

5.      Rosemary R. Ruether, “Christianity”, in Arvind Sharma, ed., Women in World Religions (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987) p. 209.

6.      For all the sayings of the prominent Saints, see Karen Armstrong, The Gospel According to Woman (London: Elm Tree Books, 1986) pp. 52-62. See also Nancy van Vuuren, The Subversion of Women as Practiced by Churches, Witch-Hunters, and Other Sexists (Philadelphia:

Westminister Press) pp. 28-30.

7.      Swidler, op. cit., p. 140.

8.      Denise L. Carmody, “Judaism”, in Arvind Sharma, ed., op. cit., p. 197.

9.      Swidler, op. cit., p. 137.

10.   ibid., p. 138.

11.   Sally Priesand, Judaism and the New Woman (New York: Behrman House, Inc., 1975) p. 24.

12.   Swidler, op. cit., p. 115.

13.   Lesley Hazleton, Israeli Women The Reality Behind the Myths (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977) p. 41.

14.   Gage, op. cit. p. 142.

15.   Jeffrey H. Togay, “Adultery,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. II, col. 313. Also, see Judith Plaskow, Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism from a Feminist Perspective (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1990) pp.

170-177.

16.   Hazleton, op. cit., pp. 41-42.

17.   Swidler, op. cit., p. 141.

18.   Matilda J. Gage, Woman, Church, and State (New York: Truth Seeker Company, 1893) p. 141.

19.   Louis M. Epstein, The Jewish Marriage Contract (New York: Arno Press, 1973) p. 149.

20.   Swidler, op. cit., p. 142.

21.   Epstein, op. cit., pp. 164-165.

22.   Ibid., pp. 112-113. See also Priesand, op. cit., p. 15.

23.   James A. Brundage, Law, Sex, and Christian Society in MediHawaal Europe ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987) p. 88.

24.   ibid., p. 480.

25.   R. Thompson, Women in Stuart England and America (London:

Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974) p. 162.

26.   Mary Murray, The Law of the Father (London: Routledge, 1995) p.

67.

27.   Gage, op. cit., p. 143.

28.   For example, see Jeffrey Lang, Struggling to Surrender, (Beltsville, MD: Amana Publications, 1994) p. 167.

29.   Elsayyed Sabiq, Fiqh al Sunnah (Cairo: Darul Fatah lile’lam Al-Arabi, 11th edition, 1994), vol. 2, pp. 218-229.

30.   Abdel-Haleem Abu Shuqqa, Tahreer al Mar’aa fi Asr al Risala (Kuwait:

Dar al Qalam, 1990) pp. 109-112.

31.   Leila Badawi, “Islam”, in Jean Holm and John Bowker, ed., Women in Religion (London: Pinter Publishers, 1994) p. 102.

32.   Amir H. Siddiqi, Studies in Islamic History (Karachi: Jamiyatul Falah Publications, 3rd edition, 1967) p. 138.

33.   Epstein, op. cit., p. 196.

34.   Swidler, op. cit., pp. 162-163.

35.   The Toronto Star, Apr. 8, 1995.

36.   Sabiq, op. cit., pp. 318-329. See also Muhammad al Ghazali, Qadaya al Mar’aa bin al Taqaleed al Rakida wal Wafida (Cairo: Dar al Shorooq, 4th edition, 1992) pp. 178-180.

37.   ibid., pp. 313-318.

38.   David W. Amram, The Jewish Law of Divorce According to Bible and Talmud ( Philadelphia: Edward Stern & CO., Inc., 1896) pp. 125-126.

39.   Epstein, op. cit., p. 219.

40.   ibid, pp 156-157.

41.   Muhammad Abu Zahra, Usbu al Fiqh al Islami (Cairo: al Majlis al A’la li Ri’ayat al Funun, 1963) p. 66.

42.   Epstein, op. cit., p. 122.

43.   Armstrong, op. cit., p. 8.

44.   Epstein, op. cit., p. 175.

45.   ibid., p. 121.

46.   Gage, op. cit., p. 142.

47.   B. Aisha Lemu and Fatima Heeren, Woman in Islam (London: Islamic Foundation, 1978) p. 23.

48.   Hazleton, op. cit., pp. 45-46.

49.   Ibid., p. 47.

50.   Ibid., p. 49.

51.   Swidler, op. cit., pp. 144-148.

52.   Hazleton, op. cit., pp 44-45.

53.   Eugene Hillman, Polygamy Reconsidered: African Plural Marriage and the Christian Churches (New York: Orbis Books, 1975) p. 140.

54.   ibid., p. 17.

55.   ibid., pp. 88-93.

56.   ibid., pp. 92-97.

57.   Philip L. Kilbride, Plural Marriage For Our Times (Westport, Conn.:

Bergin & Garvey, 1994) pp. 108-109.

58.   The Weekly Review, Aug. 1, 1987.

59.   Kilbride, op. cit., p. 126.

60.   John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A history of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1988) p.

87.

61.   Ute Frevert, Women in German History: from Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation (New York: Berg Publishers, 1988) pp. 263-264.

62.   ibid., pp. 257-258.

63.   Sabiq, op. cit., p. 191.

64.   Hillman, op. cit., p. 12.

65.   Nathan Hare and Julie Hare, ed., Crisis in Black Sexual Politics (San Francisco: Black Think Tank, 1989) p. 25.

66.   ibid., p. 26.

67.   Kilbride, op. cit., p. 94.

68.   ibid., p. 95.

69.   ibid.

70.   ibid., pp. 95-99.

71.   ibid., p. 118.

72.   Lang, op. cit., p. 172.

73.   Kilbride, op. cit., pp. 72-73.

74.   Sabiq, op. cit., pp. 187-188.

75.   Abdul Rahman Doi, Woman in Shari’ah (London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1994) p. 76.

76.   Menachem M. Brayer, The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature: A Psychosocial Perspective (Hoboken, N.J: Ktav Publishing House, 1986) p. 239.

77.   ibid., pp. 316-317. Also see Swidler, op. cit., pp. 121-123.

78.   ibid., p. 139.

79.   Susan W. Schneider, Jewish and Female (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984) p. 237.

80.   ibid., pp. 238-239.

81.   Alexandra Wright, “Judaism”, in Holm and Bowker, ed., op. cit., pp.

128-129

82.   Clara M. Henning, “Cannon Law and the Battle of the Sexes” in Rosemary R. Ruether, ed., Religion and Sexism: Images of Woman in the Jewish and Christian Traditions (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974) p. 272.

83.   Donald B. Kraybill, The riddle of the Amish Culture (Baltimore:

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989) p. 56.

84.   Khalil Gibran, Thoughts and Meditations (New York: Bantam Books, 1960) p. 28.

85.   The Times, Nov. 18, 1993.

Zolemba pamanja za bukuli zinasindikizidwa ndi WAMY, 1995.

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